1. Organic Chemistry AP Chapter 25

2. Properties of Organic Acids Usually have low melting points (below 300 ° C) Usually are non-polar (unless they contain functional groups) and are insoluble in water. Usually are non-conductors of electricity. Can be solid, liquid or gas. – 1-4 carbons tend to be gaseous at room temp. – 5-10 carbons tend to be liquids (gas, solvents) – 12-18 carbons (jet fuels, kerosene) – Above 18 carbons are solids.

3. Hydrocarbons from Petroleum

4. ethanol propane

5. Polymers Made up of many repeating units called monomers. Plastics are polymers made up of crude oil. Polyethylene – many ethene (ethylene) groups linked together (plastic grocery bags, bottles) Polystyrene, (CD cases, and with CO 2 - styrofoam cups)

6. Hydrocarbons A hydrocarbon is any chemical that consists of only carbon and hydrogen. They all contain a carbon backbone, called a carbon skeleton.

7. Types of Hydrocarbons Alkanes – single bonds between the carbon atoms Alkenes – double bonds between the carbon atoms Alkynes – triple bonds between the carbon atoms Aromatic hydrocarbons – contain at least one benzene ring.

9. Alkanes Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons – contain only single bonds. butane

12. Naming Organic Compounds Locate the longest straight chain of carbons to count the number of carbons.

15. Cycloalkanes Alkanes that form rings or cycles.

16. Alkenes Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one C=C bond. The naming system follows the IUPAC system.

17. Alkynes Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one triple bond between carbons.

18. Addition Reactions These occur in alkenes and alkynes.

20. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

21. Adding hydrogen to form a saturated compound (hydrogenation)

23. Organic Functional Groups Functional groups are sites located on hydrocarbons that are responsible for the reactions that they undergo.

25. Alcohols

26. Ethers Contain the C – O – C functional group

27. Aldehydes

28. Ketones

29. Organic Acids Also called carboxylic acids and are made by oxidizing alcohols with an aldehydes.

30. Esters Carboxylic acids can undergo condensation reactions with alcohols to form esters.