1. Hydrocarbon Derivatives
Alcohols
Ethers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Esters

2. Hydrocarbon Derivatives
These are organic compounds that are based on hydrocarbons with the addition of specific functional groups
A functional group is a reactive group of atoms (eg. –OH)

3. Due to the reactivity of the functional groups, we can determine the physical and chemical properties of compounds
We also classify compounds based on these groups
We will now explore six groups of hydrocarbon derivatives

4. Alcohols

5. Alcohols
An organic compound containing the hydroxyl, –OH, functional group
Have the general formula of R—OH
The “R” represents the alkyl group
Example:
CH3—CH2—OH

6. Three classes of Alcohols
Primary Alcohol (1°) – the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is only bonded to one other carbon
Secondary Alcohol (2°)– the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to two other carbon atoms
Tertiary Alcohol (3°)– the OH group is bonded to a carbon that is bonded to three other carbon atoms

7. Naming Rules
Locate the longest carbon chain (must contain the carbon attached to the –OH group.) Name the parent alkane
Replace the –e at the end of the alkane name with –ol
Number the chain so that the –OH group has the lowest number
Add a position number before the name of the root to indicate the position of the –OH group
Name and number any branches (as you would for alkanes)
Put it all together: branches + root

8. Try it!
Name this alcohol and state whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary.
CH3—CH2—CH2—OH

9. One more...
Name this alcohol and state whether it is primary, secondary or tertiary.
CH3—CH—CH2—CH2—CH3 | OH

10. Ether

11. Ethers
An organic compound that has two alkyl groups joined by an oxygen atom
Has the general formula of R—O—R`
R and R` indicate two alkyl groups
The can be the same or different
Example:
CH3—CH2—O—CH3

12. How do we get to this?
You can think of alcohols and ethers as derivatives of water!
H—O—H Water
R—O—H Alcohol
R—O—R` Ether

13. Rules for naming Common Names
List the alkyl groups that are attached to the oxygen atom, in order of increasing length.
Place the suffix –ether at the end of the name
No numbers are needed to show the location of the oxygen atom!

14. Try it!
Name these ethers CH3—CH2—O—CH2—CH2 CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—O—CH2—CH3

15. Aldehydes

16. Aldehyde Contain a carbonyl functional group C=O
Has the general formula R-CHO
Have characteristic scents and tastes
Example – Cinnamon or Formaldehyde

17. Naming Aldehydes
The carbonyl group will always be on a terminal carbon, thus there is no need to give a position number
Simply name the carbon chain; drop the –e from the end and add –al; give the C=O position 1
Add branches (if any) as you have for all others!

18. Try Some O
HC—CH2—CH2—CH3 CH3—CH2—CH—CH || O || |
CH2—CH3

19. Ketones

20. Ketones Contain the carbonyl group C=O
Has an alkyl group on either side of the C=O
General formula R-CO-R`

21. Naming Ketones Find the longest carbon chain containing C=O
Number the chain so that C=O has lowest number
Drop the final –e from the alkane name and add –one
Name and add branches as you would for alkanes

22. Try These O
CH3—CH2—CH2—C—CH3 CH3—CH—C—CH2—CH2—CH3 | CH3 || O ||

23. Carboxylic Acids

24. Carboxylic Acids O Contain a carboxyl group || —C—OH
General formula of R—COOH
Polar molecules
Soluble in water
Have high MP and BP ||

25. Naming Carboxylic Acids
Name the parent alkane; drop the –e at the end of the alkane name and add –oic acid
Carboxyl group is always given position one (no need to state this!)
Name any branches as we do for alkanes

26. Try some O
CH3—C—OH CH3—CH—CH2—C—OH | CH3 || O ||

27. esters

28. Esters O O Derivatives of carboxylic acids
Contains the functional group
—C—O—
General formula RCOOR`
Example:
CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3 O || O ||

29. Naming Esters
Choose the main part of the ester, containing the C=O group. Name this as the parent acid.
Replace the –oic acid with –oate
Name the second part of the ester as an alkyl group
Put them together – alkyl group + parent acid

30. O CH3—CH2—C—O—CH3 We would name this methyl propanoate || Alkyl Group
Parent acid

31. Try One
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—C—O—CH2—CH3 O ||