1. TOPIC 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (orgo)
AIM: What is organic chemistry?
DO NOW: What does organic mean? Review Book pg. 193
TOPIC 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (orgo)

2. What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (single, double or triple) (tetrahedral)
Hydrocarbon – contains only H and C atoms (TABLE Q)
Anything living is carbon based, chains and rings

3. PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Nonpolar or weakly polar (like dissolves like) - Low mp & bp 2. millions of organic compounds most are biological processes 3. Nonelectrolytes 4. Reaction rates slow 5. Insoluble & immiscible in water
PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
As new developments in medicines fuel formations, new organisms, new organic molecules
Will not dissolve in polar molecules
Solid – soft with low mp and doesn’t dissolve in water
Undergo combustion or react with oxygen to produce CO2 & H2O – basis for energy production (in US electricity generated by burning coal oil or natural gas, cars, motorcycles etc. powered by octane
2C8H18 (l) + 25O2 (aq)  16CO2 (g) + 12H2O(l)
Decompose upon heating in absence of oxygen (to form component elements – crude oil formed)
(inorganic reactons use catalysts – orgo reactions are more prone to error in the lab

4. Aliphatic (straight chain)
HYDROCARBONS
Aliphatic (straight chain)
Aromatic (closed chain)
SATURATED
UNSATURATED
Benzene
C6H6
CnH2n-6
Alkane (single)
C-C
CnH2n+2
-ane suffix
Alkene (double)
C=C
CnH2n
-ene suffix
Alkyne (triple)
C-C
CnH2n-2
-yne suffix
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES (for each additional carbon atom there will be 2 additional H atoms – TABLE Q

5. How can we name hydrocarbons? -IUPAC
Names of organic molecules are designed to describe a molecule in terms of:
How many C atoms are in the longest continuous chain – get prefix from Table P
What is attached to the longest continuous chain? (double or triple bond, functional group, branching)
Molecular formula: CH4
Structural Formula -
International union of pure and applied chemistry
Draw in the structural formula for CH4

6. AIM: HOW CAN WE NAME HYDROCARBONS?
DO NOW Review Book pg. 197 #1-6

7. ALKANES SATURATED – ALL SINGLE BONDS Molecular Formula Name
Structural Formula BP
CH4
(FUEL, RAW MATERIALS IN SYTHESIZING OTHER COMPOUNDS)
As you increase the number of carbon molecules you increase the boiling point
NOTE SHEET

8. ALKENES UNSATURATED – DOUBLE BOND Molecular Formula Name
Structural Formula
C2H4
Contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas (the more C atoms you have the more possible number of isomers you can have ) as you increase the number of C atoms you increase the number of possible isomers
NOTE SHEET

9. ALKYNES UNSATURATED – TRIPLE BOND Molecular Formula Name
Structural Formula
C2H2
Contains at least one triple bonds
NOTE SHEET

10. DO NOW: Review Book pg. 198 # 7-18
AIM: HOW CAN WE NAME SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS?
DO NOW: Review Book pg. 198 # 7-18

11. WHAT IS A SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBON?
Hydrocarbons can branch off in the middle (alkyl group) or have atoms other than H bonded to C
Common ones are halo carbons or alkyl halide

12. HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP
Find longest continuous C chain (parent chain) and name it using Table P
Add name of any attached side groups
Organic side groups (alkyl groups)
– alkanes with one less H
(use prefix from table P and change ane – yl
Halide change ending to –o
- cholro, bromo etc.

13. HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP
3. 4 or more C in a chain indicate which C atom the side group is attached to - count # of C from the end that give you the lowest possible #’s 4. If more than 1 of the same type of group in the chain, indicate which C each group is attached to and how many groups are contained (di, tri, etc.)

14. HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP
PRACTICE
USE NOTES SHEET

15. AIM: What are aromatic compounds?
DO NOW: Take out the following assignments: - Review Book pg. 200 # Review Packet

16. WHAT IS AN AROMATIC HYDROCARBON?
Cyclic hydrocarbons that possess a bonding phenomena called RESONANCE Double bonds don’t break because they are not stations (oscillate or vibrate moving rapidly)

17. WHAT IS AN AROMATIC HYDROCARBON?
BENZENE is the basis of most aromatic compounds
C6H6
Alternating double bond
H can be replaced

18. WHAT IS A COLLAPSED FORMULA?
Condensed way to represent a structural formula as a molecular formula
WHAT IS A COLLAPSED FORMULA?
Examples from NOTE SHEET

19. AIM: What are functional groups and how do we recognize them?
Do Now:
Review Book pg. 200 # 29-31
AIM: What are functional groups and how do we recognize them?
Examples from NOTE SHEET

20. Functional Groups – TABLE R
1.HALIDE – hydrocarbon containing a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I)
2. ALCOHOLS – 1 or more H is replaced with -OH
To name: (not hydroxide!!!)
Drop “e” from parent compound add –ol
More than 1 hydroxyl – indicate # of C each is attached to and adjust name to reflect # of hydroxyls

21. Functional Groups – TABLE R
2. Alcohols
(OH)
End in - ol
Monohydroxy
1 - OH
dihydroxy
2 - OH
Trihydroxy
3 - OH

22. Functional Groups – TABLE R
Box the C that is attached to the OH – how many other C atoms are attached to it
2. Alcohol:
MONOhydroxy
primary
secondary
Tertiary
Draw in structures
Propanol
2-butanol
2-methyl 2- butanol

23. Functional Groups – TABLE R ALCOHOL
DIHYDROXY
TRIHYDROXY
1,2 – ethanediol
1,2,3 - propanetriol
Draw in structures

24. Functional Groups – TABLE R
Organic acids  COOH drawn
R- (attached hydrocarbon chain)
- Suffix – oic acid
- All primary carbons
- H on end dissociates in water
Ex) Draw the structures of the following
methanoic acid (formic acid)
Ethanoic acid (acetic acid)
Draw in examples from notes

25. Functional Groups – TABLE R
4. Aldehydes
Parent name suffix –al (carbonyl group on primary carbon
Ex) Draw the following
Methanal (formaldehyde)
Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
Draw in examples from notes

26. Functional Groups – TABLE R
Ketones
- Secondary from of aldehyde
Secondary carbonyl group
Parent name suffix – one
Indicate positioning of carbonyl group on lowest # carbon
Ex) Draw the following
2-Propanone (acetone)
Draw in examples from notes

27. Functional Groups – TABLE R
6. Ester
Parent name suffix - oate
Formed by carboxyl group surrounded by 2 alkyl groups
Odors and flavors of plants, fruits & flowers
Can be synthesized to make artificial flavors and fragrances
Ex) Draw the following
1. Methyl butanoate
Draw in examples from notes

28. Functional Groups – TABLE R
7. Amine
Formed by a N atom with 3 attached R groups
Suffix –amine
Use # in front of name to indicate position of amine (NH2) group
Ex) Draw the following
1. 1-butamine
Draw in examples from notes

29. Functional Groups – TABLE R
8. Amide
Primary C
Suffix –amide
Ex) Draw the following
1- butamide
Draw in examples from notes

30. Functional Groups – TABLE R
9. Ether
Ex) Draw the following:
1. Methyl propyl ether
Draw in examples from notes

31. ORGANIC REACTIONS COMBUSTION SUBSTITUTION
a. In the presence of excess O2 a hydrocarbon produces CO2 & H2O b. In limited O2 hydrocarbon will produce CO and H2O Examples:
a. Involves a saturated hydrocarbon b. One of more H gets replaced (substituted) by another atom or group (hint: compare the number of H on the reactant and product side Examples:
Combustion Reactions :
From notes

32. ORGANIC REACTIONS ADDITION ESTERIFICATION
a. Involves an unsaturated hydrocarbon Hint: look for 2 reactants and one product Example:
a. An organic acid and an alcohol makes an ester and H2O b. Should recognize the acid group and the hydroxyl group in the reactants Hint: Table R to recognize the ester in the products Example: Review Book pg. 207 fig copy

33. ORGANIC REACTIONS SAPONIFICATION FERMENTATION
a. A fat reacts with a base to produce an alcohol (look for glycerol) and soap Example: Copy from Review book pg. 207 fig
Glucose yields ethanol and CO2 Example:

34. ORGANIC REACTIONS POLYMERIZATION: An unsaturated hydrocarbon called a monomer (one unit), bonds itself in long chains creating a polymer(many units)
ADDITION
CONDENSATION
Several monomers combine to make the polymer nC2H2 (C2H2)n
Creation of polymer plus water as a product

35. Topic 11 Test Tomorrow! Review
Finish Review Book pg
Copy topics from board when finished