1. Organic Chemistry
Chemistry

2. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. This allows it to make millions of different compounds.
Carbon can form single, double and triple bonds.

3. A hydrocarbon is a compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Saturated hydrocarbons contain no double or triple bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double and/or triple bonds.
Can be straight or branched.
Boiling point increases as number of carbon atoms increases.

4. Hydrocarbons: Alkanes
Definition/Functional group: single bonds only; saturated; nonpolar
Suffix: -ane
Examples
Methane Ethane

5. Hydrocarbons: Alkenes
Definition/Functional group: at least one double bond; unsaturated; nonpolar
Suffix: -ene
Example: ethene, C2H4

6. Hydrocarbons: Alkynes
Definition/Functional group: at least one triple bond; unsaturated; nonpolar
Suffix: -yne
Examples
Ethyne, C2H2 Butyne, C4H6

7. Benzene Rings
Definition/Functional group: contain at least one benzene ring, often with other groups added (“substituted” for hydrogen). Benzene exists as a resonance structure. It is also a carcinogen.
Prefix: Benz-
Examples
Benzene Benzaldehyde

8. Alcohols
Note: not all alcohols are safe to drink (ethanol is the “alcohol” in all alcoholic beverages). The “alcohol” family is large and its members have many properties. For example, methanol is highly toxic!
Definition/Functional group: contain an –OH group, called a “hydroxyl” group.
Suffix: -ol
Examples
Methanol Ethanol Propanol

9. Aldehydes
Definition/Functional group: contain an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom at the end of a hydrocarbon chain.
Suffix: -anal
Examples: Methanal, CH2O Ethanal, C2H4O

10. Ketones
Definition/Functional group: contain an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom NOT at the end of a hydrocarbon chain.
Suffix: -none
Examples
Propanone, C3H6O

11. Ethers
Definition/Functional group: a hydrocarbon chain in which one of the links is an oxygen atom, bonded to a carbon atom on either side.
Suffix: -ether
Examples

12. Esters
Definition/Functional group: a hydrocarbon where one carbon atom is bonded to another carbon and two oxygen atoms, one through a single bond and one through a double bond. That sounds pretty confusing, but esters are easy to recognize. They all have the same basic shape as the picture above, where the letter “R” means carbon atoms or other “organic” groups.
Suffix: -ate
Examples

13. Cyclic Alkanes
Definition/Functional group: these are alkanes that are cyclic, meaning that the ends are connected to form a regular geometric shape. Ex. triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, etc. Benzene is not a cyclic alkane due to its double bonds and resonance.
Prefix: Cyclo-
Examples: Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8

14. Nomenclature
We’re going to focus on naming the simplest kinds of organic molecules—alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, and aldehydes.
However, you will have to be able to classify the names and structures of each type of organic molecule in these notes, or to pick a name from a list that most closely fits a structure.

15. Prefixes (stand for number of carbon atoms in chain):1
Meth- 6
Hex- 2
Eth-  7
Hept- 3
Prop- 8
Oct- 4
But- 9
Non- 5
Pent- 10
Dec-

17. What type of organic molecules are these prefixes and suffixes used for?
Alcohol
Alkene
Ester
Benzene ring
Ketone
Alkane

18. What kind of prefix or suffix matches each of these structures?
-none
-yne
Cycl0-
-ane
-ane
Benz-

19. To determine the name of an organic molecule, first classify it by type. Then count the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
For example, the following structure has one double bond, so its suffix is –ene. There are six carbon atoms in the chain, so its root is hex-. The name of this structure is hexene.

20. Structure Prefix Root Suffix Name
Prop-
-ene
Propene
Cyclo-
-hept-
-ane
Cycloheptane
Pent-
-yne
Pentyne

21. Structure Prefix Root Suffix Name
Prop-
-anal
Propanal
Pent-
-ol
Pentanol

22. Propanol Cyclobutane Pentanal
Draw the following:
Propanol Cyclobutane Pentanal