1. Topics for Today What is in my gasoline? Burning a gallon of gasoline…

2. Readings for Today 3.6 Quantitative Concepts: Mass 3.7 Quantitative Concepts: Molecules and Moles

3. Topics for Wednesday Burning a gallon of gasoline. Where does my gasoline come from?

4. Readings for Wednesday 3.6 Quantitative Concepts: Mass 3.7 Quantitative Concepts: Molecules and Moles

5. Topics for Friday Exam #2

6. Topics for Monday Greenhouse Earth!

7. Topics for Today What is in my gasoline? Burning a gallon of gasoline…

8. What is in my gasoline?

9. Gasoline A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum and used principally as a fuel for internal-combustion engines.

10. Gasoline A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum and used principally as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. What is “volatile?”

11. N 2 + O 2 2NO NO + O 2 +. OH + VOCs NO 2 + VOCs high temp VOC = Volatile Organic Compounds Easily goes into the vapor phase Contains C

12. Some VOCs Methane (1 carbon) Ethane (2 carbons) Propane (3 carbons) Butane (4 carbons) Octane (8 carbons)

13. Gasoline A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum and used principally as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. What is “volatile?” A barrel Liquid Vapor

14. Gasoline A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum and used principally as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. What is a “mixture?”

15. Matter MixturesPure Substances Compounds Elements HeterogeneousHomogeneous Is gasoline heterogeneous or homogenous?

16. Gasoline A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum and used principally as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. What is “flammable?”

17. Complete combustion of methane CH 4 + 2O 2  CO 2 + 2H 2 O Undergoes combustion !

18. Gasoline A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum and used principally as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. What is a “hydrocarbon?”

19. Paraffin is a hydrocarbon -C -C-HH-C HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

20. Gasoline A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum and used principally as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. What is a “hydrocarbon?” A molecule that contains ONLY carbon and hydrogen atoms.

21. Some hydrocarbons Methane Ethane Propane Butane Octane

22. Some hydrocarbons Methane Ethane Propane Butane Octane

23. Gasoline A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived chiefly from crude petroleum and used principally as a fuel for internal-combustion engines. Gasoline is a mixture (homogeneous) of over 300 different compounds!!

24. What’s in my gasoline? n-alkanes (straight chain) iso-alkanes (branched) Cycloalkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Aromatics 15-25% 20-30% <1%

25. What’s in my gasoline? n-alkanes (straight chain) iso-alkanes (branched) Cycloalkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Aromatics 15-25% 20-30% <1%

26. n-alkanes in gasoline n-pentane (5 carbons) n-hexane (6 carbons) n-heptane (7 carbons) n-octane (8 carbons) etc… The n stands for “normal,” or straight chain.

27. n-butane C C H H H n-butane, C 4 H 10 H H C H H C H H H

28. n-butane C C H H H n-butane, C 4 H 10 H H C H H C H H H OR

29. CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 n-butane, C 4 H 10 Condensed structural formula!

30. n-butane Figure 10.3 page 436

31. n-pentane C C H H H n-pentane, C 5 H 12 H H C H H C H H C H H H Be able to draw and name these structures from methane to octane!

32. What’s in my gasoline? n-alkanes (straight chain) iso-alkanes (branched) Cycloalkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Aromatics 15-25% 20-30% <1%

33. Compare CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 n-butane, C 4 H 10

34. Compare C C H H H n-butane, C 4 H 10 H H C H H C H H H

35. isobutane C C H H H isobutane, C 4 H 10 H C C H H H H HH Structural Formula

36. CH 3 -CH-CH 3 isobutane, C 4 H 10 Condensed structural formula! CH 3

37. n-butane Figure 10.3 page 436

38. iso-butane Figure 10.3 page 436

39. n-butane and isobutane are isomers! Isomer = Same chemical formula but different chemical structure!!!

40. isobutane C C H H H isobutane, C 4 H 10 H C C H H H H HH Also known as

41. isobutane C C H H H isobutane, C 4 H 10 H C C H H H H HH Also known as 2-methylpropane

42. isobutane C C H H H isobutane, C 4 H 10 H C C H H H H HH Also known as 2-methylpropane 1 23

43. isobutane C C H H H isobutane, C 4 H 10 H C C H H H H HH Also known as 2-methylpropane 1 23 methyl,. CH 3

44. Some VOCs Methane (1 carbon) Ethane (2 carbons) Propane (3 carbons) Butane (4 carbons) Octane ( 8 carbons)

45. Methyl (1 carbon). CH 3 Ethyl (2 carbons) Propyl (3 carbons)

46. n-octane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Chemical formula? C 8 H 18 Not too much of this in gasoline…

47. isooctane Chemical formula? C 8 H 18 CH 3 -C-CH 2 -CH-CH 3 CH 3 Isomers!!

48. Chemical formula? CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 2-methylpentane

49. Chemical formula? C 6 H 14 CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 2-methylpentane

50. CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 Same or different? =? 2-methylpentane

51. CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 Same or different? = 2-methylpentane

52. CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 3 =? 12345 54321 Same or different?

53. 2-methylpentane CH 3 CHCH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CHCH 3 = 12345 54321 Same or different?

54. What’s in my gasoline? n-alkanes (straight chain) iso-alkanes (branched) Cycloalkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Aromatics 15-25% 20-30% <1%

55. cycloalkanes cyclopentane methylcyclopentane cyclohexane methylcyclohexane etc…

56. Basically geometrical figures…

57. cyclopentane CH 2 H2CH2C H2CH2C Chemical formula? C 5 H 10

58. cyclopentane CH 2 H2CH2C H2CH2C Chemical formula? C 5 H 10 Isomer of n-pentane?

59. NO!! Different chemical formulas. CH 2 H2CH2C H2CH2C C C H H H Pentane, C 5 H 12 H H C H H C H H C H H H Cyclopentane, C 5 H 10

60. cyclohexane H2CH2C H2CH2C H2CH2CCH 2 Chemical formula? C 6 H 12 Isomer of n-hexane? NO! I will leave you to prove this to yourself

61. cyclohexane C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H

62. methylcyclohexane C C C C C C CH 3 H H H H H H H H H H H

63. What’s in my gasoline? n-alkanes (straight chain) iso-alkanes (branched) Cycloalkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Aromatics 15-25% 20-30% <1%

64. Alkenes Hydrocarbons with a C-C double bond.

65. Alkenes ethene (or ethylene) propene etc…

66. Ethene 1) Draw carbon atoms

67. Ethene CC 2) Fill in C-C bonds

68. Ethene CC 3) Fill in hydrogen atoms HH H H C2H4C2H4 Notice the shape!!

69. 2-pentene CH CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 12345 C 5 H 10

70. 1-pentene CHCH 2 CH 3 12345 C 5 H 10

71. 1-pentene C 5 H 10 CH 2 = CH – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 H 2 C = CH – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 C = C CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 H H H

72. CH CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 12345 CHCH 2 CH 3 12345 Are 1-pentene and 2-pentene isomers?

73. What’s in my gasoline? n-alkanes (straight chain) iso-alkanes (branched) Cycloalkanes Alkenes and Alkynes Aromatics 15-25% 20-30% <1%

74. Aromatics Contain 1 or more benzene rings.

75. Figure 10.4 p. 438 Fig.10.04a

76. Figure 10.4 p. 438

78. Figure 10.4 p. 438 Fig.10.04d

79. Figure 10.4 p. 438

80. Because of its toxicity, gasoline only contains TRACE amounts of benzene. Then, what aromatics are in gasoline?

81. Toluene, C 7 H 8 H HCH 3 H H H C C C C C C Benzene, with a methyl group attached

82. Toluene CH 3 Also called methylbenzene!!!

83. CH 3 Isomers? C7H8C7H8 C7H8C7H8 NO!! They are the SAME MOLECULE

84. Isomer = Same chemical formula but different chemical structure!!!

85. Xylenes CH 3 Benzene with TWO methyl groups attached.

86. CH 3 H3CH3C Isomers ? NO!! Same molecule Xylenes

87. CH 3 H3CH3C Isomers ? YES Xylenes

88. CH 3 H3CH3C Isomers ? YES Xylenes

89. Last but not least…

90. CH 2 CH 3 Benzene with an ethyl group attached. What is this called?

91. CH 2 CH 3 Benzene with an ethyl group attached. What is this called? Ethylbenzene, C 8 H 10