1. The Use of Small Coolers for Hydrogen and Helium Liquefaction
Michael A. Green
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

2. Why is liquefaction with a cooler a problem?
The heat of vaporization for hydrogen and helium is much lower than the heat that must be removed to cool the gas to the liquefaction temperature.
For helium the heat of vaporization is 20.7 J g-1. The sensible heat from 300 K to 4 K is 1540 J g-1. A perfect helium liquefier has refrigeration to liquefaction coefficient of 20.7 J g-1.
For hydrogen the heat of vaporization is 445 J g-1. The sensible heat from 300 K to 20 K is ~4000 J g-1. A perfect hydrogen liquefier has refrigeration to liquefaction coefficient of 445 J g-1.
Hydrogen is easier to liquefy with a cooler than helium.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

3. 2-Stage GM Cooler with an Added J-T Loop
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

4. Liquefaction with a separate J-T loop.
Refrigeration at 4 K is relatively easy even when the cooler can only produce 8 K at the 2nd-stage. Liquefaction of helium is nearly impossible. Re-condensation is not the same as liquefaction. The refrigeration to liquefaction coefficients for helium are greater 500 J g-1.
The advent of 4 K coolers improved liquefaction with a separate J-T circuit, but to refrigeration to liquefaction coefficients are still high (~350 J g-1).
Liquefaction of hydrogen is easier.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

5. 2-Stage 4 K GM Cooler used as Liquefier
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

6. Liquefaction with a 4 K GM Cooler
Liquefaction with a 4 K cooler is possible if there is a larger heat exchanger on the 2nd-stage.
Adding a heat exchanger to to the 1st-stage greatly improves liquefaction of helium. The refrigeration to liquefaction coefficient is ~ 160 J g-1. Adding liquid nitrogen cooling improve liquefaction even more.
In theory, a refrigeration to liquefaction coefficient of 600 J g-1 can be achieved for hydrogen.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

7. Additional Cooling can come off of the Regenerator and Pulse tubes of a Cryomech Pulse Tube Cooler
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

8. One can get additional cooling from the tubes of Cryomech pulse tube coolers
The experiment at Cryomech using a PT-405 cooler showed that additional cooling is available between stages from the regenerator tube and the pulse tube.
Cooling between stages is not available for a typical GM cooler. Not all pulse tube coolers have cooling available between stages.
The cooling between stages can greatly improve the liquefaction efficiency (a lower refrigeration to liquefaction coefficient).
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

9. Circuit Diagram for the PT-410 Liquefier with Tube Heat Exchanger
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

10. PT-410 Liquefier with Tube Heat Exchanger
Condensing Pot
Cooler 2nd-Stage
Tube Heat Exchanger
Cooler 1st-Stage
1st Stage Heat Exchanger
Rotary Valve
Rotary Valve Motor
Ballast Tank
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

11. Liquefaction with the PT-410 Cooler
The heat exchanger on the 1st-stage and the heat exchanger on the regenerator tube between the 1st and 2nd stages of a PT-410 cooler reduces the refrigeration to liquefaction coefficient of 45 J g-1 for helium. This is better than any other helium liquefier.
Cooling from the tubes between stage permits one to operate the PT-415 cooler in the drop in mode because there is free-convection between the mounting tube and the cooler.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

12. Drop In PT-415 Cooler with Condenser for the MICE Tracker Solenoids
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

13. The drop in cooler concept will be used for the PT-415 cooler for the MICE tracker solenoid.
It is hoped that free-convection cooling between the cooler tubes and the mounting tube will reduce the heat leak down the mounting tube.
The mounting tube wall thickness will be machined down from 0.87 mm to 0.37 mm.
The 1st-stage tapered joint allows heat from the leads, the thermal radiation shield, and the cold mass supports to the cooler 1st stage.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

14. Cryomech found that the liquefaction improved without the tube heat exchanger.
Eliminating the heat exchanger from the cooler liquefier reduces the cost of the liquefier.
Eliminating the heat exchanger from the cooler liquefier increases the efficiency of liquefaction about 30 percent. The new Cryomech liquefier has a refrigeration to liquefaction coefficient of 36 J g-1.
Cryomech would like to build the hydrogen (helium) liquefier for the MICE absorbers.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

15. A More Efficient Liquefier without the Tube Heat Exchanger
The areas shown are based on the
PT-415 cooler.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

16. The Proposed Cryomech Absorber Hydrogen Liquefaction System
Using the PT-415 Cooler
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

17. A Proposed Absorber Cooler Module
Cryomech has a commercial interest in building a hydrogen liquefier.
Cryomech proposes to use the pulse tubes and regenerator tubes and holes in the first stage to pre-cool the hydrogen being liquefied. Standard tube parts would be used for the liquefier.
Hydrogen from the hydride bed (or bottles) must be fed into the upper part of the cooler space between the top plate and the first stage heat exchanger
The absorber probably can be filled in 24 hours.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

18. An End View of a Proposed MICE Absorber Cooler Module with Hydrogen Liquefier
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

19. A Proposed Cooler Experiment
Using the PT-415 Cooler
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

20. Purpose of the Cooler Experiment
Measure the performance of the PT-415 cooler in the magnet configuration over a range of 2nd-stage temperatures from 2.5 K to about 22 K and 1st-stage temperatures from 30 K to 65 K.
Confirm the that the PT-415 cooler will will work well in the drop in configuration. Measure the extra heat leak (if any) that comes from this method of mounting the cooler in this way.
Demonstrate that the PT-415 cooler will liquefy both helium and hydrogen.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

21. Known Operating Points of the PT-415 Cooler6 5 4 3 2
SECOND STAGE TEMPERATURE K
The measured test data is from Tom Painter of Florida State University.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

22. Plans for the Cooler Experiment
This experiment will measure the temperature of both stages of a PT-415 pulse tube cooler as a function of the heat load on both stages. On the first stage power with Q = 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 W will be applied. At that same time, the second stage power will be changed in steps of Q = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 W.
The measurements will be done both in vacuum and in a helium gas atmosphere.
The experiment will compare the thermal resistance of the first stage taper boundary in vacuum and in helium gas
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

23. Cooler Experiment Purpose Continued
The degree to which convection currents play a role in intercepting heat will be measured by recording the temperature on the tube between stages both in vacuum and in helium.
With liquid helium in the tank, the DT between the tank and the second stage cold head will be measured.
Operate the cryogenic system with the cooler with helium at 3.8 K, 4.2 K and 4.6 K.
Measure the liquefaction of helium at 4.3 K.
Measure the liquefaction of hydrogen at 20.8 K.
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

24. Diagram of a Proposed Cooler Experiment
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

25. What is needed for the experiment?
One MICE PT-415 cooler for a magnet
The actual magnet cooler mounting tube
A liquefaction vessel (~1.5 liters) for He and H2
A 1st stage thermal shield with MLI inside and outside the shield to minimize heat leak
The experiment vacuum vessel
Seven (or eight) diode temperature sensors T
Two 1st Stage heaters Q (0 to 80 watts)
Two 2nd Stage heaters Q (0 to 30 watts)
Commercial LHe and LH2 liquid level gauges
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007

26. Concluding Comments
Hydrogen liquefaction is possible with both GM and pulse tube coolers. Liquefaction must be done correctly.
Cryomech has proposed that the could fabricate the absorber hydrogen liquefaction module. This may be cost effective.
A test of the PT-415 cooler is needed, even for the tracker magnet. If LBL doesn’t do the test, who will do the test?
CM-17 Talk Feb. 2007