Tips for the Instructor:

Tips for the Instructor:
This presentation is for the instructor. There are many ways to print out a PowerPoint presentation. Click on print, then look in the ‘Print What’ area and select handouts for participants. It my prove beneficial to select three slides per page which will give the audience room to take notes. For presentation purposes, the presenter can print out Notes Pages which displays one slide per page but will print out all of the Notes in this section. These notes can help guide the presentation and can be modified by each presenter. PowerPoint can also be used by the presenter to use the notes electronically without requiring a physical hard copy for the presentation. Typically you will be presenting from a laptop or desktop that is connected to a projector. In order to use the notes electronically follow these instructions. Press the ‘windows’ and ‘P’ button and select extended view. Open the PowerPoint presentation. Click on the Slide Show tab. Ensure that the box next to ‘Use Presenter View’ has been checked. Then in the upper left hand corner click Play From Beginning. This will present the slides for viewing on the projector screen while allowing the presenter, yourself, to view both the slide and notes section on your desktop/laptop screen. The Notes Page is on the right and has a zoom button to zoom in or out to appropriately size the font for easy reading. On your laptop/desktop window you can use the mouse to click the arrows beneath the currently viewed slide to advance throughout the presentation. To exit this method of presentation, push ESC on the keyboard.

Introduction U.S. DOE continues to fund hydrogen fuel cell research
Work with both vehicles and fueling stations for the public Advanced technologies – increased production Completely renewable, not a finite resource Welcome to the hydrogen workshop…let’s start with some introductory points about hydrogen In case you were not aware, the…first bullet But this research is moving from fuel cell and laboratory type research to…second bullet And over the course of the last decade and for the foreseeable future there will continue to be advanced in hydrogen production, storage, and onboard use which will lead to increased production and lower capital costs Unlike fossil fuels, hydrogen is…last bullet…however current process for hydrogen production use fossil fuels but as new technologies improve efficiency…hydrogen can then be produced from renewable energy sources

Lesson 1: Introduction to Hydrogen

Objectives Describe what hydrogen is and how to identify it
Explain the basic history of hydrogen Describe how hydrogen may help the environment Explain how hydrogen may help stimulate the economy Describe what energy security is and how to use hydrogen to attain it These are the main objectives of this section and will be revisited in the Upon Completing Section at the end of each lesson.

Definition of Hydrogen
Simplest element in the universe – one proton and one electron Occurs naturally as a gas Can be used to create energy through combustion or use in fuel cells For those of us not completely familiar with hydrogen we will start by defining what it is Hydrogen is the simplest element in the universe…consisting of only one proton and one electron At ambient conditions hydrogen…second bullet Though it occurs naturally as a gas…it is very rare…we will get to wear its commonly found in a few slides…but pure hydrogen…last bullet Combustion occurs within internal combustion engines Fuel cells will be explained in more detail later

Figure 1: Biodiesel. Source: NAFTC.
Most hydrogen is bonded to oxygen in the form of water (H2O) Can be produced through the use of nuclear, solar, wind, and other renewable sources Diversity of sources make hydrogen a viable alternative fuel Steam methane reforming (CH4) First bullet…and we all know that the world has an abundance of water but this water must be purified and then separated into its fundamental components of oxygen and hydrogen The above typically focuses on electrolysis for hydrogen production Steam methane reforming is one of the most popular method because methane has 4 hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom…which is the highest hydrogen to carbon ratio and is discussed later…both methods provide for a diverse source and use of hydrogen as an alternative and renewable fuel Figure shows the basic hydrogen atom…one electron and one proton Figure 1: Biodiesel. Source: NAFTC.

Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
Makes up 75% of the mass of all visible matter Nontoxic and nonpoisonous Rarely found alone (H2) – usually bonded to oxygen in water (H2O) Considered an energy carrier Highly buoyant – lighter than air, rises and diffuses when leaked Hydrogen is usually bonded in other substances and …first bullet Hydrogen is…second bullet It is…third bullet…water is not the only substance that has hydrogen…all hydrocarbon fuels also have hydrogen atoms Since hydrogen requires energy to produce and does not naturally occur…it can be…fourth bullet…instead of a fuel…this is also common for electricity (energy carrier opposed to fuel) Finally hydrogen is…last bullet But it should be noted that hydrogen leaks in confined spaces do possess the ability to displace oxygen.

Figure 2: Hydrogen gas bubbles. Source: NAFTC.
Hydrogen Color Gas is invisible to the naked eye When burned, produces a pale blue flame, nearly invisible Hydrogen Smell Odorless No odorants are added – this would negatively affect its use in fuel cells Some more properties The figure shows hydrogen gas bubbles…since it is invisible as a gas lone…even the flame is difficult to identify…next slide Figure 2: Hydrogen gas bubbles. Source: NAFTC.

Figure 3: Hydrogen flame. Source: NAFTC.
Hydrogen Flame Identification Flames do not produce smoke Most easily identified by thermal wave Produces low radiant heat The flame itself is nearly invisible and produces low radiant heat so this could be dangerous…the broom has been inserted in the flame to produce impurities in the flame which can be seen by yellow flames and smoke Figure 3: Hydrogen flame. Source: NAFTC.

Scientists have discovered that some algae and bacteria give off hydrogen.
The did you know slides are available in slide master…for the background template and the text and source can be edited Source: EIA, 2011.

Basic History of Hydrogen
1820s – Rev. W. Cecil developed hydrogen-fueled engine 1876 – Nicolaus Otto invented four-cylinder engine; 1885 – Gottleib Daimler invented modern ICE 1920s – first testing of the hydrogen ICE Rudolf Erren used hydrogen ICEs in submarines and land vehicles Now we will go over some basic history related to hydrogen Hydrogen was first used in an engine in the 1820s…but this engine was not the same as what we know as the conventional internal combustion engines…these types of engines were invented and modernized by Otto and Daimler The first testing of hydrogen as a fuel did not occur in these engines until the 1920s…where Erren used hydrogen as a fuel for ICES in submarines and land vehicles

General Motors coined the phrase “hydrogen economy” during the fuel crisis of the 1970s
As fuel prices returned to normal, interest in hydrogen vehicles diminished Rising fuel prices, environmental concerns, and energy security sparked interest again in the twenty-first century It had remained unused and researched for a while…since conventional fuels like gasoline and diesel made other alternative fuels unattractive, however…first bullet This provided a spike in alternative fuels including hydrogen…but…second bullet However, since the 1990s and with the continually…final bullet

Figure 4: Fuel cell vehicle. Source: AFDC.
Hydrogen Today Development in U.S., Canada, Japan, England, and Germany First FCEVs became available in 2002 Research to make hydrogen production economically viable Supply infrastructure still needed But where is hydrogen today Well…research and developments have occurred in the slide one countries With the first fuel cell electric or FCEVs available in 2002…however these were not commercially available as most hydrogen vehicles are leased and operated for research and as demonstration projects Research has brought down the cost of hydrogen production but there is still little to no production and supply infrastructure for the public to fuel hydrogen vehicles…neither ICE or FCEVs Figure 4: Fuel cell vehicle. Source: AFDC.

Comparison of Hydrogen to Gasoline
Flammability Widest range of flammability (4% to 75%) Flammability range allows for lean mixtures Better fuel economy, lower combustion temperature Comparison of Hydrogen to Gasoline Hydrogen engines perform more efficiently than gasoline engines Compression ratio = higher than gasoline, lower than diesel Now…lets return back to some facts and figures about hydrogen… Of all fuels covered in the petroleum reduction technologies curriculum…hydrogen has the…first bullet This can be beneficial when used as a fuel for internal combustion engines because lean mixtures receive…third bullet…and lower combustion temperatures can help with emissions of oxides of nitrogen which can still occur in ICEs fueled by hydrogen When compared to gasoline…an engine designed to run on hydrogen can perform more efficiently because of the higher octane rating of hydrogen…higher octane ratings allow for higher compression ratios which typically improve fuel efficiency…the optimum compression ratio is higher than conventional gasoline engines and lower than some diesel engine compression ratios

Figure 5: Fuel source flammability ranges. Source: NAFTC.
To better understand the previous details on its flammability we will look at Figure 5 which shows the flammability of some fuels used in internal combustion engines Figure 5: Fuel source flammability ranges. Source: NAFTC.

Figure 6: Hydrogen facts and figures. Source: NAFTC.
Hydrogen facts and figures are presented so the readers can compare with other fuels…perhaps the most interesting point is that on a mass basis..hydrogen has the highest heating value of all fuels at nearly 52,000 Btu/lb (British thermal units per pound mass) Figure 6: Hydrogen facts and figures. Source: NAFTC.

Octane Energy Content Contains no carbon atoms
Typically assigned an octane rating of 130 Energy Content Low volumetric energy density Large storage tank requirements About 500 times less dense than gasoline Special Note: Hydrogen can also be blended with natural gas to create a transportation fuel that can be used in today’s natural gas vehicles and significantly decrease oxides of nitrogen emissions. This is just expanding one the topics of octane number and energy content…can be presented along with or as stand alone without the previous figure The octane rating assigned to hydrogen is typically 130…which is much higher than the of conventional gasoline The special note is about blending hydrogen with other fuels such as natural gas. These methods are possible and have benefits but co-fuel scenarios are not covered in this material Energy content Since it is the lightest gas, it has a low volumetric energy density but still has the highest energy density by mass In order to have larger ranges, large high pressure storage tanks are used…5000 to 10,000 psi

Hydrogen Storage May be stored on-board the vehicle in either pressurized gas or liquid form Cryogenically stored hydrogen Composite tanks that utilize carbon fiber for added safety Spills present very little danger As just mentioned…it can be stored onboard under high pressures…but it can also be stored as a cryogenic liquid which increases its volumetric energy density but requires significant additional energy for liquefaction Most often it is stored in…third bullet And in the case of spills there is little danger has it rapidly evaporates and disperses…however it can still displace oxygen in confined spaces

Why Consider Hydrogen? Energy security Global climate change
Air quality Energy independence So why consider hydrogen? Well it can have advantages and benefits in each of the following categories

Advantages of Hydrogen
Created from water, can be recycled to produce more hydrogen Cleanest fuel available when combusted – produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or hydrocarbon emissions Leaks/spills will quickly evaporate and do not pose any threats to the environment Domestic production will allow for energy independence Specifically looking at advantages…hydrogen can be…first bullet When used in an internal combustion engine it is the…second bullet Unlike other fuel or oil spills…third bullet…but again, leaks could pose a problem for oxygen displacement in confined spaces The methods used to produce pure hydrogen will allow for additional energy independence

The molecules are so small that they can escape through many surfaces and around seals
Figure 7: Hydrogen compared to conventional gasoline. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

Hydrogen Benefits Provides more energy than any conventional fuel
Can be refined from any substance that contains hydrogen Helps reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil Betterment of health, environment, economy, and energy security Basic benefits slide…that leads into the specific following sections

Health Benefits Harmful emissions from the combustion of fuels cause high pollution levels, smog Combustion of hydrogen produces far fewer emissions than conventional fuels Aftertreatment systems can help reduce NOx emissions First bullet…most of us know that smog is a byproduct of fuel combustion and can be seen in heavily congested cities…this smog can negatively affect the respiratory system especially in the young or elderly Second bullet…then these facts NOx emissions still occur when the hydrogen is combusted with air As of right now, the energy used to produce hydrogen does still have emissions at local power plants and steam reformation plants

About half of the U.S. population lives in areas where air pollution levels are high enough to negatively impact public health. The did you know slides are available in slide master…for the background template and the text and source can be edited This did you know is really general and could be used in any PRT presentation or could be changed to a topic more relevant to presentation location Source: AFDC.

Environmental Benefits
Cleanest burning fuel available Combustion does not release carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas Spills quickly evaporate, form water Again, the environmental benefits are local but can be global if only renewable energy is used for hydrogen production Figure 8: Hydrogen fuel cell bus. Source: NREL.

Hydrogen-powered fuel cells promise reliability of the U. S
Hydrogen-powered fuel cells promise reliability of the U.S. electric power transmission grid by reducing system loads and bottlenecks. Source: DOE, Hydrogen Posture Plan.

Economic Benefits Domestic natural gas deposits can be used to create hydrogen Domestic production, job creation, tax revenue Can be used to power stationary applications Fuel cell industry = $2.5 trillion by 2021 And now onto the economic benefits of hydrogen use About 95% of the hydrogen produced in the U.S. is from the steam methane reformation process which can use domestic natural gas This will allow for…second bullet In addition to transportation…grown can occur in other sectors since hydrogen…third bullet And it is estimated that the fuel cell industry will grow to a $2.5 trillion dollar business by 2021

Figure 9: Hydrogen incentives offered by state. Source: NREL.
There are still some incentives to help the growth of the hydrogen industry as sown by this map from the national renewable energy laboratory. Figure 9: Hydrogen incentives offered by state. Source: NREL.

Offset demand for foreign oil
Creation of 680,000 jobs by 2035 Offset demand for foreign oil Research will create “Global Connectivity” Domestic construction of plants, parts, equipment Some additional facts on its economic benefits include…first and second bullet The research has already partnered international relationships in the fuel cell arena and will continue to do so while also supporting…last bullet

Energy Security Benefits
About half of the oil consumed by the U.S. is imported Hydrogen can be produced domestically When used in efficient vehicles, hydrogen can help alleviate the need for foreign oil And now focusing on the energy security benefits of using hydrogen we go back to the fact that U.S. imports about half of its crude oil…of which about 2/3 is used in the transportation sector Hydrogen can be produced domestically which when combined with advanced technology vehicles can help to alleviate the need for foreign oil

The best benefits occur when hydrogen is generated using renewable electricity and the electrolysis process is used Figure 10: Potential electrical sources for hydrogen production. Source: NREL.

Upon completing this lesson, can you:
Describe what hydrogen is and how to identify it? Explain the basic history of hydrogen? Describe how hydrogen may help the environment? Explain how hydrogen may help stimulate the economy? Describe what energy security is and how to use hydrogen to attain it? These are the objectives mentioned before, hopefully the reader can find all of the answers either on their own in the text or they have been discussed in this presentation, again, these can be catered to audience, but it is always recommended to tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them.

Test Your Knowledge True or False: Hydrogen may be used in both ICE powered vehicles and fuel cell powered vehicles. Who coined the phrase “hydrogen economy” during the fuel crisis of the 1970s? True or False: Natural gas has the highest hydrogen to carbon ratio of any fossil fuel. True or False: Hydrogen is lighter than air. What would happen if liquid hydrogen was spilled? Would this be an environmental concern? During the presentation, the location of information that may help answer the test your knowledge has been hyperlinked to a hidden box next to each number. When the pointer slides over the number it will give you the option to click the hyperlink which will take you to the appropriate slide. To return, right click your mouse and go to Last Viewed to the test your knowledge section. It should also be noted that information in the workbook has also been marked in the margins with PowerPoint slide numbers. More information about each slide and question can be found in the text. True General Motors It would rapidly heat up, become a gas, and rise into the atmosphere; no harm would take place to the environment

Lesson 2: Hydrogen Manufacturing, Infrastructure, and Sustainability
Lesson 2 typically focuses on these areas which may only be suitable to certain audiences…

Objectives Describe where hydrogen can be found
Explain how hydrogen fuel is manufactured and produced Describe how hydrogen is transported Explain how hydrogen is distributed Describe the sustainability of hydrogen – its future and cost efficiency Outlining the topics to cover with this lesson 2 material.

Renewable Fuel Sources
Biogas Gasification Biogas = 60% methane – good source of hydrogen Biogas = organic waste; it is renewable Electrolysis Creating hydrogen from water; “water splitting” Works similarly to a fuel cell in reverse There are multiple ways to produce hydrogen…of these…some can be renewable processes that limit overall pollution and greenhouse gas emissions Natural gas can be used along with steam methane reforming but natural gas is a fossil fuel…an area of research is the use of biogases which can also be a good source of hydrogen The gases are produced as a part of natural organic decay so using these gases does not add negative effects to the atmosphere Electrolysis is the process of creating hydrogen from water…also known as water splitting…about half of U.S. electricity is produced from the combustion of coal…which still produced emissions however when combined with solar, wind and other renewable energy process the production of hydrogen can be green Water splitting or hydrolysis works much the same as a fuel cell…but in reverse Figure 11: Electrolyzer from fuel cell assembly. Source: NAFTC.

Non-Renewable Fuel Sources
Natural Gas Contains over 85% methane (CH4) Excellent source of hydrogen Coal Gasification Resulting fuel gas must be converted to hydrogen Relatively low cost option Hydrogen can also be produced from non-renewable fuel sources which can help diversify the fuel consumption landscape The most common source is natural gas…which is usually over 85% methane or CH4 which is an excellent source of hydrogen Goal gasification can turn coal into hydrocarbon gases that must then be processed to form hydrogen gas…not an efficient or popular option

Producing Hydrogen from Crude Oil Refining – Naphtha
Hydrogen is produced from naphtha through catalytic reforming Produces hydrogen and high octane gasoline Most common method is steam methane reforming, second is electrolysis, it can also be produced from crude oil…but again this process is much more complex than the two most common methods

Figure 12: Steam reforming reactor. Source: EERE.
Producing Hydrogen from Natural Gas (Steam Methane Reforming) Most common and energy- efficient hydrogen production methods Produces carbon monoxide and hydrogen Carbon monoxide can be reacted to produce carbon dioxide and more hydrogen This CO2 should be accounted for in the whole system analysis of emissions from hydrogen vehicles Figure 12: Steam reforming reactor. Source: EERE.

Natural gas reforming using steam accounts for about 95% of the approximately 9 million tons of hydrogen produced in the U.S. annually. Again, Did you knows are fixed in print, but these boxes can be edited to update or provide additional tidbits of information in order to keep the audience engaged. Source: AFDC, 2011.

Manufacturing and Production
Must be released from hydrogen-containing compounds Current methods require about 25% more energy to produce hydrogen than it contains as a fuel (or energy carrier) About 95% of domestic hydrogen is produced through steam methane reforming So when looking at the big picture…the current hurdle is that current methods require about 25% more energy to produce hydrogen than it contains as a fuel or energy carrier…therefore it typically consumes more fuel and produces emissions elsewhere before it can be used…the green solution is to switch from steam methane reformation to electrolysis and then use renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy to power electrolyzers

Transportation and Distribution
Shipped as a cryogenic liquid Generally not transported through pipelines Methane distribution – on-site reforming Currently hydrogen is typically shipped as a cryogenic liquid and is not generally transported through pipelines based on leakage problems One key option for sooner…rather than later hydrogen production is to utilize the nationwide network of natural gas lines to transport natural gas to onsite steam methane reformation plants for onsite production of hydrogen Figure 13: Tube trailer used to transport cryogenic hydrogen. Source: EERE.

Hydrogen Storage Storage vessels generally approach 10,000 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure Cryogenic transportation Hydrogen gas = occupies about 800 times more volume than hydrogen liquid Metal hydride Demonstration vehicles often use pressurized storage systems of up to 5,000 psi or 350 bar but other..first bullet As mentioned before…cryogenic transportation is one options…storage as a liquid increases its volumetric energy density by about 800 times…it can also be stored in a metal hydride form but is not common and some of these methods continue to be researched. Limited transport has been accomplished in California…which has the most hydrogen fuel stations and use Special Note: According to the AFDC, pipelines are the least expensive way to distribute large volumes of hydrogen, which is limited to merely 1200 miles of pipelines in the U.S. – located near large petroleum refineries and chemical plants in Illinois, California, and the Gulf Coast.

Figure 14: Hydrogen pipeline. Source: EERE.
U.S. Pipelines Natural gas pipeline conversion is not a viable option Hydrogen is so small, it would permeate pipeline Required compression On-site reforming On-site reforming or on-site electrolysis are the most viable options Some pipe lines do exist, special note, previous slide Figure 14: Hydrogen pipeline. Source: EERE.

The DOE has an online resource available that allows individuals to locate the closest hydrogen fueling station with an interactive map. For more information, visit Again, Did you knows are fixed in print, but these boxes can be edited to update or provide additional tidbits of information in order to keep the audience engaged.

Transporters Placards/markings for bulk shipments
Assist first responders with fuel identification As with all bulk shipments of fuels… the department of transportation requires placards to assist in fuel identification especially for first responders The DOT placards are shown for gaseous hydrogen on the left and liquid hydrogen on the right Figure 15 (left): Hazardous material description identification number UN 1049 placard for gaseous hydrogen. Source: USDOT, PHMSA. Figure 16 (right): Hazardous material description identification number UN 1966 for liquid hydrogen. Source: USDOT, PHMSA.

Infrastructure One of the main points holding up the hydrogen infrastructure U.S., Canada, Japan, Germany all have hydrogen demonstration systems Limited fueling stations, vehicle options California’s Hydrogen Highway Toyota, Shell partnership There is not currently a nationwide infrastructure in the U.S. or any major country which leads to limited fueling stations and vehicle options… The most prominent area of infrastructure has been in California where there are multiple stations available…some even provide hydrogen free of charge Other partnerships such as those between Toyota and Shell and others with cities and universities are the main choices for infrastructure growth outside of private onsite fueling stations

Figure 17: Hydrogen fuel pump. Source: NAFTC.
U.S. DOE Primary Hydrogen Infrastructure Goals: Reduce dependence on foreign oil Promote the use of domestic and sustainable energy resources Reduce carbon emissions from energy production and consumption Increase the reliability and efficiency of electricity generation As with many alternative fuels…the united states department of energy has played and continues to play a pivotal role in the development and use of hydrogen…there goals have been…all four bullets Figure 17: Hydrogen fuel pump. Source: NAFTC.

Figure 18: Hydrogen fuel cell infrastructure. Source: EERE.
Up until this point of the presentation we have only mentioned fuel cells…this slide is included to show how hydrogen and fuel cells can be a pivotal part of various energy sectors which could all benefit from additional infrastructure growth Figure 18: Hydrogen fuel cell infrastructure. Source: EERE.

Hydrogen-specific design codes, equipment standards to ensure safety
Commercialization, seamless transition Reduced dependence on foreign oil, job growth, infrastructure related industry As hydrogen vehicles continue to be research and produced…there must be hydrogen-specific design codes and equipment standards as have been developed for all other fueling systems Commercialization of these vehicles must occur in order to better help in a seamless transition And once the vehicles and infrastructure are available…their operation reduce dependence on foreign oil, allow for domestic job growth in the U.S. Figure 19: Hydrogen tanker fueling a hydrogen-fueled truck. Source: NREL.

Identifying Hydrogen Hazard Placards
Help determine what fuel is being transported Provides information on flammability, instability, special hazards, health hazards The NFPA already had hydrogen specific placards that are used to help everyone, especially first responders identify what is being stored on location at fuel sites. The placard for gaseous hydrogen is shown on the left and the placard for liquid hydrogen is shown on the right. Figure 20 (left): NFPA 704 hazard placard for gaseous hydrogen. Source: NFPA. Figure 21 (right): NFPA 704 hazard placard for liquid hydrogen. Source: NFPA.

Sustainability Most abundant element on the universe
Energy required to produce hydrogen for use as a fuel ‘Recycled’ after use in ICEs, fuel cells Use of solar, wind, hydro-electricity to ensure sustainability When looking at the sustainability of hydrogen there is great potential as it is…first bullet But currently it takes more energy to produce hydrogen than it can return as a transportation fuel…however once the hydrogen is used in internal combustion engines or fuel cells…it is recycled as water In the future this water can be again separated into hydrogen and oxygen through the use of solar, wind, and hydro-electricity to ensure sustainability

Cost Efficiency Challenges associated with creating a suitable fuel source Energy vs. volumetric energy density of fuel Cost-effective ways of producing, transporting, and storing Varying costs by location, storage, and transportation methods used When looking at cost efficiency…there are still challenges associated with creating pure hydrogen…as the demand increases and process become more efficient…hydrogen fuel costs will decrease It is also important to look at…bullet two. Currently most hydrogen vehicles use pressurized hydrogen at about 5000 psi…even with this high of pressure there are still trade offs because of tank size and placement Also there are no cost effective ways of producing, transporting, and storing hydrogen when compared to the common conventional fuels but onsite production may the most cost efficient and generally effective method for local hydrogen production

Figure 22: Future cost of hydrogen. Source: NREL.
As with most systems or vehicles, as production and use increases the price of fuel cells will decrease. As fuel cells advance and cost decreases…more manufacturers will offer them as options Figure 22: Future cost of hydrogen. Source: NREL.

Figure 23: Future cost estimates for hydrogen fuels. Source: ANL.
The forecasted price of hydrogen based on gasoline gallon equivalents is currently projected to remain steady at just under $4/gallon which is comparable to current fuel prices. At the time this was written…a kilogram or gasoline gallon equivalent of hydrogen was about $3.50 for a nationwide average. The source of Figure 23 ANL Argonne National Labs Figure 23: Future cost estimates for hydrogen fuels. Source: ANL.

The Future of Fuel Cells
The Future of Hydrogen Global interest continues to grow Prototypes from automotive manufacturers Infrastructure and vehicle developments still required The Future of Fuel Cells Fuel cell development = next step toward hydrogen economy At this point the future of hydrogen is centered around fuel cell advancements

Describe where hydrogen can be found? Explain how hydrogen fuel is manufactured and produced? Describe how hydrogen is transported? Explain how hydrogen is distributed? Describe the sustainability of hydrogen – its future and cost efficiency? Telling the audience what you told them.

Test Your Knowledge True or False: Electrolysis is the process of producing H2 from water. As of spring 2011, what is the average cost of one kilogram of hydrogen in the U.S.? True or False: The most energy-efficient way to produce hydrogen gas is known as steam-methane reforming. True or False: One of the biggest challenges in hydrogen use as an alternative fuel is the limited infrastructure. During the presentation, the location of information that may help answer the test your knowledge has been hyperlinked to a hidden box next to each number. When the pointer slides over the number it will give you the option to click the hyperlink which will take you to the appropriate slide. To return, right click your mouse and go to Last Viewed to the test your knowledge section. It should also be noted that information in the workbook has also been marked in the margins with PowerPoint slide numbers. More information about each slide and question can be found in the text. True $3.50

Lesson 3: Hydrogen Vehicles
The third lesson focuses on the fuel or technology or strategy’s actual use.

Objectives Explain the differences between hydrogen ICE – powered vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell – powered vehicles Describe the basic components of hydrogen vehicles Describe the performance of hydrogen vehicles Explain how to maintain hydrogen vehicles Describe some hydrogen vehicles

Differences Between Hydrogen and Conventional Vehicles
Hydrogen ICE Similar to conventional ICEs Combustion chamber and cooling system modifications Use of superchargers or turbochargers to supply boost Comparable power to conventional vehicles Well start of this section by looking at the differences between hydrogen and conventional vehicles We will first look at hydrogen vehicles that use the hydrogen as a fuel with an internal combustion engines…these are…first bullet However the…second bullet…are done in order to prevent detonation before spark or within the intake which had been a problem in the past Specifically designed…dedicated engines will use superchargers or turbochargers to supply boost…this boost mean that more are will be forced into the engine This will allow an engine to operate on lean combustion which is more fuel efficient, dedicated engines can also focus on hydrogen’s High ‘octane’ rating means that specifically designed engines can use higher compression ratios for higher engine efficiency Figure 24: Hydrogen internal combustion engine components. Source: NAFTC.

Fuel Cells Separates protons and electrons in hydrogen molecule
Extremely efficient – produce only heat and water Proton Exchange Membrane There are some similarities when comparing fuel cell electric vehicles to conventional vehicles…but even more similarities arise when a fuel cell electric vehicle is compared with a hybrid electric vehicle…only the engine has been replaced with a fuel cell The function of the fuel cell is that…first bullet and uses energy to power the wheels or charge onboard batters Last bullet is the most common type of fuel cell, known as PEMs, others do exist The images show hydrogen fuel cell powered forklifts (left) and a fuel cell assemble (right) Figure 25 (left): Fuel cell-powered forklifts. Source: NREL. Figure 26 (right): Cutaway view of a fuel cell. Source: NAFTC.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Differences
Fuel Cell Details Reverse of electrolysis process Splits diatomic hydrogen (H2) into hydrogen protons (H+) Produce water and heat as byproducts Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Differences Does not need to be plugged in Generates electricity onboard For those of you that are new to fuel cells it may be beneficial to think of the process as the reverse of the electrolysis (water splitting) process Heat and a catalyst material split diatomic hydrogen H2 into two hydrogen protons The protons can pass through the PEM but the electrons travel through a circuit which generates electricity The hydrogen protons, electrons combine with oxygen on the opposite side of the PEM to form water along with some heat May be plugged in to increase range before fuel cell operation but in both cases electricity is produced on board within the fuel cell (actually it’s a fuel cell stack…multiple fuel cells connected together) the energy is not stored in a fuel cell…the energy is stored as hydrogen in a tank…the fuel cell converts the energy of the hydrogen into electricity which can then power the vehicle

Figure 27: Operation of a PEM fuel cell. Source: DOE.
This DOE image walks through the details of the previous slide, both could be used to help the audience visualize how fuel cells work Figure 27: Operation of a PEM fuel cell. Source: DOE.

Hydrogen Vehicle Components
ICE Powered Vehicles Utilize the same main engine components ICE burns hydrogen as its fuel Transmission and drivetrain are the same as conventional vehicles Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Hydrogen travels through fuel cell to generate electricity Electricity is transferred to onboard battery pack Similar to electric drive vehicles The basic components of vehicle that combusts hydrogen in an ICE are much the same as conventional gasoline vehicles…engine modifications to ensure proper combustion are included for drivability leaving the main difference as being the need for a high pressure fuel storage system The components of a fuel cell electric vehicle of FCEV are different because they do not contain engines…instead the engine has been replaced with a fuel cell stack (multiple fuel cells together) to act as the source of power generation…the power can directly power motors to propel the vehicle or be used in conjunction with batteries to improve efficiency

Vehicle Modifications and Conversions
Hydrogen ICEs Feasible conversion from conventional ICE vehicles Significant modifications required Maximum benefit comes from purpose designed and built vehicles Issues with fuel delivery to the engine Some may be interested if they can convert there current spark ignited gasoline engine to run on hydrogen…well the answer is yes…but not many conversions are available even though the process is feasible and has been done for years In fact…bullet two And a dedicated hydrogen vehicle with a purpose built engine would be the most efficient option…but again…conversion systems are available but some have…last bullet Fuel delivery system modifications may be significant

Figure 28: Fueling a hydrogen vehicle. Source: EERE.
Fuel Cells Difficult conversion from conventional ICE vehicle Conversion of electric vehicles Fuel cell, hydrogen tank, modified battery capacity Hydrogen research and innovation While conversions of conventional vehicles is feasible to use hydrogen for on board combustion…conversion of the same vehicle to use a fuel cell would be more difficult…however battery electric vehicles could be modified to use a fuel cell for the onboard generation of electricity… Fuel cells have been proven but the costs are high but with continued research and innovation…fuel cell vehicles may be a limited production option within the next 5-10 years Figure 28: Fueling a hydrogen vehicle. Source: EERE.

Hydrogen Vehicle Performance
May return better performance than conventional vehicles High compression ratio (ICE) High torque characteristics from electric motor (fuel cell) Larger storage volume, smaller cargo capacity When a vehicle has been properly modified or purpose built…the hydrogen powered vehicle…first bullet These vehicles could use high compression ratios for performance and efficiency When dealing with fuel cells…hydrogen can produce electricity to power electric motors which provide large amounts of torque for rapid accelerations However…in both cases…vehicles may suffer from the required space for onboard fuel storage which would decrease cargo capacity…which is often rated as a performance issue for light-duty consumers and some commercial vehicles

Hydrogen Vehicle Safety
Excellent source for combustion Flame is usually invisible in daylight Training required to handle fuel Figure 29: Hydrogen status lights (left) and hydrogen flame sensor (right) . Source: NREL. The benefits of hydrogen being an excellent source for combustion is also a possible safety hazard Odorants are not added to hydrogen as is done with compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas…for this reason hydrogen monitors should be installed at facilities And remember from earlier that hydrogen flames are nearly invisible…so additional safety precautions should be taken if there is even the thought that a leak could be on fire And remember even though hydrogen diffuses rapidly…leaks may displace oxygen in confined spaces Many of these safety concerns can be minimized with the proper equipment and training

Hydrogen Storage Cylinders
Pressure up to 10,000 psi (or more) Regular inspections to ensure proper performance is maintained Potential dangers if cylinder is damaged Fuel system inspection by trained professional Currently hydrogen tanks on vehicles and conversion operate at around 5000 psi but new systems could easily have pressures that reach 10,000 psi to increase vehicle range These systems have tanks that should be regularly inspected especially if the vehicle has been in an accident regardless of tank damage…fuel inspection and codes are being developed so that as the vehicles become available there are standard operating procedures in place to ensure their safe operation

Hydrogen Vehicle Maintenance
Vehicles that utilize ICEs have similar requirements to conventional vehicles Checks and tune-ups to ensure peak performance is achieved Vehicles that utilize fuel cells have similar requirements similar to electric drive vehicles All maintenance should be completed by a trained professional Like any conventionally fueled or alternatively fueled vehicles…proper care and maintenance is key for ensuring efficient operation of a vehicle High voltage and high pressure will be common place on hydrogen vehicles and…last bullet

Hydrogen Vehicles in Use Today
Types of Hydrogen Vehicles Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Used much like any other combustible fuel Fuel system and compression ratio differ Dual-Fuel Hydrogen Vehicles Utilize hydrogen and another fuel source Most commonly employ hydrogen and natural gas May be interchangeable or mixed together But are there even hydrogen vehicles in use today? Well the answer is actually yes As mentioned before some vehicles with internal combustion engines have been modified to use hydrogen…but none are sold by OEMs Another category are dual-fuel hydrogen vehicles which were mentioned before and are a possibility but these too are not popular

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Combustion engine is replaced with fuel cell Electricity is produced onboard Only byproduct is water (and some heat) Concept Vehicles Major manufacturers are currently developing prototypes Hydrogen infrastructure The category of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles has probably been given the most attention…and this type is usually comprised of concept vehicles from manufacturers or are sold or leased in limited quantities as part of demonstration projects… These vehicles will again require infrastructure growth before becoming mainstream Figure 30: Hydrogen bus engine that utilizes plug-in technology, two fuel cells, and a battery pack. Source: NREL.

Various multi year fuel cell electric bus demonstrations
Figure 31: Fuel cell electric bus evaluations across the U.S. Source: NREL. But to prove that there are hydrogen vehicles out there we will look at some DOE supported bus evaluations Various multi year fuel cell electric bus demonstrations

Hydrogen Powered ICE Vehicles
ICEs that are optimized to run on hydrogen Emissions levels are typically near zero Many manufacturers have produced prototypes that utilize this technology Figure 32 (right): Ford Model U concept. Source: Ford. Figure 33 (left): Hydrogen-fueled Hummer. Source: NAFTC. And also show some concept cars such as the Ford Model U and a hydrogen powered hummer…both which use…first bullet As covered earlier these vehicles produce nearly no tailpipe emissions…but these are still only prototype and concept vehicles because of the lack of demand and infrastructure

Figure 34: Honda FCX Clarity. Source: NAFTC.
Light-Duty Fuel Cell Vehicles Most manufacturers have developed concept vehicles Limited production for demonstration programs Restricted leases for specified customers Figure 34: Honda FCX Clarity. Source: NAFTC. Little to know fueling and/or service structure Again hitting home the points on fuel cell electric vehicles…however companies like Honda have produced limited numbers of FCEVs and have announced that they will be available within the coming years for additional customer leases…but again…mainly in the California area where there is some hydrogen infrastructure.

Explain the differences between hydrogen ICE – powered vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell – powered vehicles? Describe the components of hydrogen vehicles? Describe the performance of hydrogen vehicles? Explain how to maintain hydrogen vehicles? Describe some hydrogen vehicles? Make sure that these objectives have been covered when completing the lesson

Test Your Knowledge Name the two types of hydrogen fueled vehicles
True or False: A hydrogen-powered vehicle will produce nearly zero emissions compared to conventional vehicles. Name one example of a hydrogen concept vehicle. During the presentation, the location of information that may help answer the test your knowledge has been hyperlinked to a hidden box next to each number. When the pointer slides over the number it will give you the option to click the hyperlink which will take you to the appropriate slide. To return, right click your mouse and go to Last Viewed to the test your knowledge section. It should also be noted that information in the workbook has also been marked in the margins with PowerPoint slide numbers. More information about each slide and question can be found in the text. ICE and fuel cell True The Ford Model U

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