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Percentage of CHONPS in living things CCarbon18.5% H Hydrogen9.56% OOxygen65.0% NNitrogen3.3% PPhosphorus1.0% SSulfurTrace Other trace 3.0% (Copper, magnesium, etc)
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CHONPS molecules make – Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 – Protein (SONCH) – Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) – Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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CHONPS molecules make – Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 – Protein (SONCH) – Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) – Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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CHONPS molecules make – Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 – Protein (CHONS) – Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) – Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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CHONPS molecules make – Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 – Protein (CHONS) – Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) – Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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CHONPS molecules make – Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 – Protein (CHONS) – Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) – Nucleic Acids DNA (CHONPS) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Carbohydrates (sugars) CHO Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1 ratio for carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Common sugars tend to end in “ose” Ex –glucose. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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MONOSACCHARIDES: – Simple Sugars: Broken down quickly. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Triose: 3C
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Pentose: 5C
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Hexose: 6C GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE GALACTOSE (aldehyde) (ketone) (aldehyde) **USES OF EACH??
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DISACCHARIDE – two sugars (double sugars) – Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Dehydration Synthesis Condensation Reaction Monomers link to form a polymer; water is removed.
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Types of sugars Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Types of sugars Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Types of sugars Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Types of sugars Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Lactose = Glucose + Galactose Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy **Where is each disaccharide seen?
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What is the molecular formula of a disaccharide…such as sucrose? Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 So… C 12 H 24 O 12 ?? WHY NOT?? Glycosidic linkage?
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*Rings are formed in aqueous solutions
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Hydrolysis A polymer splits to form two monomers when water is added
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POLYSACCHARIDES: Many sugars linked together. – Complex Sugars. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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2 main functions of polys: 1. Storage: to provide sugar for cells 2. Protection: structural
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Starch is a complex sugar Starch is a complex sugar – (longer lasting energy) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Glycogen: The storage form of glucose, comes from starch in plants. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Chitin – Insect exoskeleton Chitin – Insect exoskeleton
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LIPIDS
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CHONPS molecules make – Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 – Protein (CHONS) – Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) – Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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What do you know? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Made up of polymers or no? Consist mostly of repeated….. Functions – 1. – 2. – 3.
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Fats: fatty acid + glycerol Non-polar HC tail -hydrophobic 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -triglyceride HC chains can vary -usually 16-18 Carboxyl “head” -fatty “acid” HC “tail”
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Saturated and Unsaturated Double bonds? Straight vs bent? Animal vs plant? Solid vs liquid?
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Steroids # fused rings? Examples??
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Phospholipids Function? # of fatty acids Head? Tail?
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Micelle
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Nucleic Acids
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CHONPS molecules make – Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 – Protein (CHONS) – Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) – Nucleic Acids DNA (CHONPS) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Monomers
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Families of Bases
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DNA
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RNA
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So… Function? Monomer? 3 parts of monomer? Families of bases? Complementary Base Pairing? Phosphodiester and hydrogen bonding? DNA vs RNA?
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Proteins
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CHONPS molecules make – Carbohydrates (CHO) 1:2:1 – Protein (CHONS) – Lipids (fat) (CH with a few O) – Nucleic Acids DNA (SPONCH) Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Movement Transport Signaling Defense Structural support Storage
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Structure
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Nonpolar Alanine
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Polar
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Charged
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Polypeptide Bond
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Levels of structure Primary
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Levels of Structure Secondary
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Levels of Structure Tertiary
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Levels of Structure Quartenary
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Denaturation What causes the proteins to form like they do? What happens if the environment changes?
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