1. Dimensions of Culture

2. Geert Hofstede (Dutch management researcher) Individualism Versus Collectivism Masculinity Versus Femininity Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Long- Term Versus Short- Term Orientation Polychronic Versus Monochronic High- Context Versus Low- Context Relationship- Driven Versus Task- Driven Concepts of the Future

3. Dimensions of Culture Individualism Versus Collectivism (P184) American Proverb: God help those who help themselves. Do you like to do. Chinese Proverb: No matter how stout, one beam cannot support a house. For those at home, turn to your parents for help; for those outside, turn to your friends for help. The nail that sticks up is pounded down. The highest blade of grass is always the first to be cut.

4. Dimensions of Culture Individualism Versus Collectivism Differences:  Individual vs group  Loose ties vs tight ties  Setting goals  What have you done? vs Who are you related?  direct communication vs indirect communication

5. Dimensions of Culture Individualism Versus Collectivism Associations with this dimension: Wealth Geography Birth rates History

6. Dimensions of Culture Masculinity Versus Femininity masculinity  assertiveness, competition, material success femininity  quality of life, interpersonal relationships, concern for the weak In work place: masculine culture  decisive and assertive feminine culture  use intuition and strive for consensus

7. Dimensions of Culture

8. Masculinity Versus Femininity Associations with this dimension: Geography Birth

9. Dimensions of Culture Power Distance Chinese proverb Let the emperor be an emperor, the minister a minister, the father a father and the son a son. (Conficius) Five relations: ruler /subject, father /son, elder brother /young brother, husband /wife, friend /friend. (Confucius)

10. Dimensions of Culture Power Distance American proverb All men are born equal. Although we describe ourselves as a nation of equals, there is little doubt that some of us rank as “more equal than others.” (Macionis)

11. Dimensions of Culture Power Distance ---> the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally ---> the extent to which power, prestige, and wealth are distributed within a culture. (P195)

12. Dimensions of Culture Power Distance Associations with this dimension: Geography Population Wealth History

13. Dimensions of Culture Uncertainty Avoidance ---> the extent to which people in a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations(P197)

14. Dimensions of Culture Uncertainty Avoidance Chinese Proverb Beforehand preparation leads to success; unprepareness results in failure. The past is as clear as a mirror, the future as dark as lacquer.

15. Dimensions of Culture Uncertainty Avoidance American Proverb The future is called “perhaps,” which is the only possible thing to call the future. In these matters the only certainty is that nothing is certain.

16. Dimensions of Culture Uncertainty Avoidance Associations with this dimension: Religion History

17. Dimensions of Culture Long- term versus Short- term Orientation -  values as thrift, persistence, having a sense of shame and ordering relationships.

18. Dimensions of Culture Polychronic versus Monochronic Polychronic: do multiple tasks simultaneously. linear time and limited Monochronic: do one thing at a time. circular time and eternal.

19. Dimensions of Culture Relationship- Driven versus Task- Driven Relationship- driven  feminine culture, high- context ones Task- driven -  masculine culture, low- context ones

20. Dimensions of Culture Concepts of the Future How a culture views time and time horizons is critical in how business relationships are founded and contracts negotiated.  An obsession with promptness  A much more relaxed and casual attitude towards punctuality

21. Dimensions of Culture Cross- Cultural Success Tips SHOW EMPATHY BE FLEXIBLE MANAGE YOUR RESPONSES DON’T GO NATIVE RESPECT LOCAL CUSTOMS BE AWARE OF NON- VERBAL COMMUNCATION DEVELOP TRUST BYCOMBATING MISTRUST BEOME INVOLVED