1. Knowledge The Pop Quiz Paradox

2. Replies to Gettier The Tripartite Analysis: S knows that p iff i. p is true, ii. S believes that p; iii. S’s belief that p is justified; and iv. ???

3. Replies to Gettier First Proposal: S knows that p iff i. p is true, ii. S believes that p; iii. S’s belief that p is justified; and iv. S is certain that p.

4. Replies to Gettier Second Proposal: S knows that p iff i. p is true, ii. S believes that p; iii. S’s belief that p is justified; and iv. S’s justification for p does not involve any false beliefs.

5. Replies to Gettier D is a defeater for S’s belief that p iff were S to find out about D, he would no longer believe that p. Third Proposal: S knows that p iff i. p is true, ii. S believes that p; iii. S’s belief that p is justified; and iv. There is no defeater for S’s belief that p.

6. The Pop Quiz Paradox A pop quiz is a quiz such that you (the student) will not know it is going to happen on a particular day until that day comes and the quiz is given. A reductio ad absurdum is an argument where we show some assumption is false because it leads to a contradiction (i.e., a proposition of the form ‘p and not-p’).

7. The Pop Quiz Paradox 1)A pop quiz will be given Friday. 2)If a pop quiz will be given Friday, then I (the student) will know about it beforehand. 3)I will not know about it beforehand. 4)[So] I will know about it beforehand and I will not know about it beforehand. 5)[So] A pop quiz will not be given Friday.