1. Kingdom Monera (Bacteria and Archaebacteria)

2. Prokaryotes The smallest and most common of cells are prokaryotes.
They:
Exist almost everywhere on earth
Are cells that do not have a nucleus
Do not have membrane-bound organelles
All prokaryotes are placed into one of two kingdoms:
Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

3. Eubacteria Make up the larger of the two prokaryote kingdoms
Generally are surrounded by a cell wall composed of complex carbohydrates
Within the cell wall is the cell membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm

4. Bacteria Cell

5. Cyanobacteria Also known as the blue-green bacteria
Are photosynthetic (Contain membranes that carry out the process of photosynthesis)
Contain phycocyanin and chlorophyll a
Can be found nearly everywhere on earth.
Can survive in extremely hot environments and even extremely cold environment

6. Prochlorobacteria
Prochlorobacteria are a newly discovered group of organisms.
They contain chlorophyll a & b.
They are more similar to chloroplasts of green plants.
Only 2 species of prochlorobacteria have been discovered.

7. Archaebacteria Lack important carbohydrate found in cell walls
Have different lipids in their cell membrane, types of ribosomes, and gene sequences
Archaebacteria can live in extremely harsh environments
They do not require oxygen and can live in extremely salty environments as well as extremely hot environments.

8. Identifying Prokaryotes
Cell Shape
Cell Wall
Movement

9. 1) Bacterium Shapes Cocci~ Sphere shaped bacteria
Bacillus~ Rod shaped bacteria
Spirrillium ~ Spiral shaped bacteria

10. Bacteria can be arranged in:
-cluster
-chains
-colonies or pairs

11. 2) Cell Walls
To study bacterial cell walls, one must stain it. This is called gram staining.
Chemical nature of a cell wall can be determined by gram staining
Gram’s stain consists of 2 dyes: crystal violet (purple) and safranine (red).
By finding out what color the cell produces when it is gram stained you can figure out the type of carbohydrates in the cell wall

12. Gram staining The bacteria will take up either one or the other stain.
Gram-positive  bacteria with only one thick layer of carbohydrates and proteins will take up the crystal violet
Staphylo E. coli
coccus
Gram-negative  bacteria with a second, outer layer of lipid and carbohydrate molecules will take up the safranine

13. 3) Bacterial Movement Some have 1 or more flagella
Some lash, snake, or spiral forward
Some secrete slimy stuff
Some don’t move!

14. Movement
Flagella ~ Tail like structure the whips around to propel the bacterium
Cillia ~ Miniature flagella surround the cell that help to “swim”
Non motile ~ Sticky cillia like structures that keep the bacterium from moving
Cillia

15. 4) Bacteria and their energy
Autotrophs
Make their own food from inorganic molecules
Heterotrophs
Consume organic molecules made by other organisms

16. Autotrophs Phototrophic autotrophs trap the energy of the sunlight
Eg. Cyanobacteria
Chemotrophic autotrophs obtain their energy from inorganic molecules

17. Heterotrophs
Chemotrophic heterotrophs obtain their energy by taking in organic molecules then breaking them down and absorbing them
Phototrophic heterotrophs use the sun’s energy but they also need organic compounds for nutrition

18. Review: What type of cells are the most common?
prokaryotes
What are the 4 ways we can identify bacteria?
Cell shape, cell wall, movement, obtain energy
What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?
Rod (bacilli), sphere (cocci), spiral (spirilla)
What is gram-staining?
Gram positive (purple), gram negative (red)
What are the 2 different ways bacteria obtain energy?
Autotrophic, heterotrophic

19. Bacterial Respiration
Bacteria need constant energy through respiration and fermentation
Respiration is the process that involves oxygen and breaks down food for the release of energy.
Fermentation enables cells to carry out energy production without oxygen

20. Bacterial Respiration
Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Facultative Anaerobes
Cannot live without oxygen.
Must live without oxygen
Can live with or without oxygen

21. Example of an obligate anaerobe: Clostridium botulinum
An example of an obligate anaerobe is Clostridium botulinum, which produces toxins. If these bacteria find their way into a place that is free of air (O2), and filled with food material, they will grow very quickly. As they grow, they produce toxins, or poisons, that cause botulism. Botulism produces paralysis and if the breathing muscles are paralyzed, death.

22. Botox

23. Bacteria Reproduction
In favorable conditions, bacteria can grow and divide quickly.
They can reproduce in the following ways:
Binary Fission
Conjugation
Spore Formation

24. Cellular organism copies its genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

25. Conjugation A type of Bacteria Sex
Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

26. Spore Formation: Endospore
A type of dormant cell
Highly resistant to environmental stresses
Endospores are formed by cells in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for growth, such as exhaustion of an essential nutrient.

27. Importance of Bacteria
Bacteria is often used in:
Food
Sourdough bread, cheese, yoghurt
Industry
Break down oil
Medical/cosmetic procedures

28. Symbiosis
Bacteria develop a close relationship with other organisms in which the bacteria and the other organism both benefit
For example: the bacteria E. coli
This is found in the human digestive tract.
The intestine provides a warm safe home with
lots of food.
The bacteria then helps us to digest food and
make some vitamins that we can’t produce
by ourselves.
For cattle, the bacteria in their intestines help them produce the enzymes necessary to break down cellulose, which is mostly in grass and hay. Bacteria helps cattle digest their food.

29. Other types of relationships
Parasitism
Bacteria exploit the host cell, injuring them
Eg. Mychobacterium tuberculosis
Mutualism
Relationship in which two species live together in such a way that neither are harmed

30. Bacteria in the Environment
Nutrient Flow
Bacteria recycle and decompose, or break down, dead material
Sewage Decomposition
Ie. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills
Nitrogen Fixation
Process by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into a form that can be used by living things

32. Review Differentiate between: Name ways in which we use bacteria today
Respiration and fermentation
Obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes
Binary fission, conjugation, and spore formation
Symbiosis, parasitism, and mutualism
Name ways in which we use bacteria today