1. Chordates

2. Phylum Chordata

3. Chordates What is a chordate?
1. Has either a backbone or a notochord (vertebrate)
2. Can either be an ectotherm or an endotherm
3. Only 4-5% of animals are chordates

4. What is a vertebrate?
Animals with a backbone or vertebral column (notochord)
Have spinal cord- dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Front end of spinal cord develops a brain
Sea Squirt or Tunicate
Lancelet

5. Chordates Endotherm (warmblooded) Ectotherm (coldblooded)
Has a stable body temperature
Ectotherm (coldblooded)
Can change body temperature due to the environment

6. Chordate Cladogram Section 30-1 Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians
Fishes
Nonvertebrate chordates
Invertebrate ancestor

7. Chordates Vertebrate Classes Jawless Fish (lamprey, hagfish)
Cartilage Fish (sharks, rays…)
Bony Fish (salmon, catfish, goldfish..)
Amphibians (frogs, toads…)
Reptiles (lizards, turtles…)
Birds (sparrows, hawks)
Mammals (humans, whales, dogs…)

8. What are Fish? Anything with gills, scales and fins…
1st fish were jawless
Devonian Period - “Age of Fish”
Fossil of a devonian fish
With jaws and armored plates

9. Fish have a two chambered heart- blood is passed over the gills where it picks up oxygen

10. Respiration Water passes over GILLS, oxygen is added
Some fish have gill covers - OPERCULUM
(Some fish have special organs to serve as lungs; lungfish)

11. Excretion
Homeostasis: maintaining balance, internal conditions (in the case of fish, water balance)
Salt water fish tend to lose water
Fresh water fish tend to gain water
*This is why you can’t put a salt water fish in a fresh water tank.

12. Other Fish Adaptations
Fish fins help stabilize the fish and propel it forward
Swim Bladder - maintains buoyancy (like a balloon)

13. Reproduction
Spawning- fish lay eggs that are fertilized externally

14. Warm Up 1. What are the steps of complete metamorphosis?
2. What are the stages of incomplete metamorphosis?
3. What is an open circulatory system?
4. How do bivalves move and feed?

15. Class - Amphibians

16. Amphibians Amphibian- means “double life”
Why?
After beginning their lives in water, most amphibians spend their adulthood on land, returning to water to reproduce. (Lose gills and acquire lungs)

17. http://video. nationalgeographic

18. Amphibians 3 types/orders: Anura (frogs and toads),
Caudata (salamanders and newts), and
Gymnophiona (caecilians, limbless amphibians that resemble snakes)

19. What’s the difference between a frog and a toad?
1. Many toads have lumps behind their eyes that contain poison that oozes out when they are attacked.
2. Skin-
Frogs are moist and smooth
Toads are dry and bumpy

20. Frog Dissection What are the rules of lab? How should we behave?

21. Frog Dissection- Mouth

24. Reptiles

25. Reptiles An ectothermic vertebrate that has lungs and scaly skin.
Major Groups:
Lizards
Snakes
Turtles
Alligators
Crocodiles

26. 4 living orders are typically recognized:
Crocodilia (crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators): 23 species
Sphenodontia (tuataras from New Zealand): 2 species
Squamata (lizards, snakes, and worm lizards): approximately 9,150 species
Testudines (turtles, terrapins and tortoises): over 300 species

27. Reptiles
Unlike amphibians, which have a thin, moist skin, reptiles have dry, tough skin covered with scales.
Skin protects and helps keep water in their bodies.

28. Reptiles Lizards and snakes shed their skin.
All snakes are carnivores but not all lizards are.
Turtles have a shell made from their ribs and backbone.

29. Reptiles What is the difference between an alligator and a croc?
Alligators have broad, rounded snouts, with only a few teeth visible.
Crocodiles have pointed snouts, and you can see most of their teeth.

31. Birds
Bird: an endothermic vertebrate that has feathers and a four-chambered heart, and lays eggs.
The rule is:
If it has feathers, it’s a bird.

32. Birds
Feathers:
Contour: one of the large feathers that give shape to a bird’s body.
Flight: long contour feathers that extend beyond the body on the wings and tail.
Down: short, fluffy that are specialized to trap heat and keep a bird warm.

36. Birds Feed Capture, grip and handle food, birds use their bills.
Bills specify per species
Internal storage tank called a crop
Birds do not have teeth, a gizzard performs the grinding function

37. Birds Adaptations for Flight 4 chambered heart
Highly efficient respiratory system
Lightweight bones with air spaces

40. Evolution of Birds…
Create a Venn Diagram- characteristics of reptiles, similarities, characteristics of birds. Then come up with your own explanation of the evolution of birds.

41. The evolutionary origin of birds has always been a subject of considerable debate. Birds and flying reptiles have delicate, lightweight skeletons which do not fossilize well - hindering studies on how the birds evolved. The first bird fossil to be found was a feather, which was discovered in 1860 in a limestone quarry in Bavaria. The feather was given the name Archaeopteryx, which is Greek for 'ancient feather'. A year later an almost complete skeleton of Archaeopteryx was discovered in the same quarry, with the feathers and other fine structures preserved in minute detail.

42. The skeleton showed several features which are intermediate between reptiles and birds, suggesting that Archaeopteryx and the other birds evolved from a dinosaur similar to the Velociraptor featured in the film 'Jurassic Park'. Seven partial or complete Archaeopteryx skeletons have now been found, and they are still among the most famous, and scientifically valuable, fossils.

47. Mammals
All mammals are endothermic vertebrates with a 4 chambered heart and skin covered with fur or hair.

48. Mammals All mammals have…. 1. Hair or fur
2. Mammary glands (feed with milk)
3. Distinctive teeth
4. Highly developed brain
5. Extended care for the young

49. Mammals Three groups of mammals Monotremes Marsupials
Placental mammals

50. Mammals Monotremes Mammals that lay eggs Two species: Spiny anteaters
Duck-billed platypuses

51. Mammals
Marsupials
Young born alive at an early stage, but continue to develop in a pouch
Examples:
Kangaroos
Koalas
Wallabies
opossums

52. Mammals Placental Mammals
Develop inside a mother’s body until its body system can function independently.
Examples:
Insect-eaters
Flying mammals
Primates
Rodents
Rabbits/hares
Marine mammals
Hoofed mammals