1. The Respiratory System

2. Respiratory System Functions
Pulmonary ventilation movement of air into and out of lungs “breathing”
External respiration movement of O2 and CO2 between blood and lungs
Transport of respiratory gases transport of O2 and CO2 between tissue and lungs
Internal respiration movement of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissue
Olfaction

3. Respiratory System Upper respiratory system Lower respiratory system
Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone
Respiratory mucosa
Respiratory defense system (adaptive or innate?)

4. Upper Respiratory External nares Nasal cavity
Warm, moisten & filter air (Nasal conchae, surface area)
Detect smell (olfactory epithelium)
Modifying sounds by resonance
Pharynx both respiratory & digestive pathway

5. Larynx Provide an open airway to route air and food properly
Produce a voice

6. Sound Production
Phonation
Articulation

7. Trachea
“windpipe”
Lined in mucosa with cilia that propel debris laden mucus to the pharynx
(destroyed by smoking, use coughing instead)

8. Lungs

9. Lungs Lobes Superior, middle, inferior Superior, inferior
Oblique fissures
Cardiac notch

10. Bronchial Tree Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi
Bronchopulmonary segment
Bronchioles
Bronchodilation
Bronchoconstrction
Terminal bronchiole

11. Pulmonary lobule Lymph vessel, arteriole, and venule
Respiratory bronchioles

12. Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Capillaries
Elastic tissue

13. Alveoli Type I alveolar cells Alveolar macrophage
Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
Surfactant
Surface tension
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Type I alveolar cells – simple single layer of thin squamous epithelium that line the alveoli
Alveolar macrophage (dust cells) – use ameboid motion to move around over the epithelial surface – they use phagocytosis to absorb any pathogens or dust that might have gotten into the lungs
Septal cells – aka type II cells – cuboidal epithelial cells that produce an surfactant (phosopholipids and lipoproteins)
Secretes alveolar fluid which contains surfactant which are secreted into the alveoli forming a superficial coating over a thin layer of water
Reduces surface tension
Surface tension = force of attraction between water molecules (polar molecules) at an air-liquid boundary
Draws liquid molecules close together
Resists forces that try to increase surface area of the liquid
Deep breaths stimulate the septal cells to release surfactant
Why a water strider can “walk” on water, why water beads up on a surface
ST of water exerts an inward pressure which keeps the alveoli small. The air coming into the lungs counteracts that pressure. Since the walls of the alveoli are thin, they will collapse due to the surface tension on the water
Surfactant interferes with polar bonds of water molecules to decrease the surface tension. Example is what soap can do to a bead of water.
Pressure greater in small alveoli than large ones and can become so great they can collapse
This inward force exerted by surface tension of water helps to force air out of your lungs when you exhale, but as the alveoli get smaller with exhalation, they would collapse
Even if they didn’t collapse, if they were lined with water, they would require a lot of force to reinflate them.
Surfactant molecules get in between the water molecules to decrease the attraction between them and REDUCES surface tension
Respiratory distress syndrome – if you don’t produce enough surfactant, you have to use a lot more force to overcome the inward pressure produced by surface tension to inflate the lungs
This is a serious problem in premature births. Oxygen has to be delivered using positive airpressure or surfactant is administered directly to lungs.

14. Respiratory Physiology
Pulmonary ventilation “breathing”
Inhalation
Exhalation
External (pulmonary) respiration
Internal (tissue) respiration
Problems
Hypoxia
Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Anoxia

15. Respiratory Gas Laws

16. Boyle’s Law: P=1/V

17. Inhalation (inspiration)
Requires changes in air pressure.
At sea level air pressure is 1 atmosphere (atm) or 760mmHg.
During inhalation pressure must drop below 1 atm.
Gas particles move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure (diffusion).
Increasing the volume of a quantity of gas leads to a drop in pressure—an inverse relationship.

18. Respiration Pressure measurements
Atmospheres (atm)  pressure at sea level
760mm Hg / torr = 1atm
1033.6cm H20 = 1 atm
15 PSI = 1 atm

19. Respiration Atmospheric pressure Intrapulmonary pressure
Intrapleural pressure

20. Muscles of inspiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals
During forceful breathing
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor

21. Muscles of expiration Relaxation of inspiratory muscles
During forceful expiration
Internal intercostals
Abdominals

22. Respiratory Volumes Tidal Volume  each breath.
Inspiratory Capacity  biggest inhale
Expiratory Reserve  biggest exhale
Vital Capacity  maximum volume
Residual Volume air left after exhale
VD anatomical dead space

23. Respiratory Capacities
TLC VC IC
FRC

24. Spirogram of lung volumes

25. Inhalation and exhalation summary

26. Other factors affecting ventilation
Compliance
Elasticity
Surface tension
Thoracic mobility
Airway resistance
Airway diameter
Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles
ANS input
Greatest resistance is in medium bronchi
Obstruction or collapse of airways

27. Gas exchange: Dalton’s Law
Dalton’s law—each gas exerts its own pressure
Atm=PN2+PO2+PH2O+PCO2+Pother gases
Inhaled air
PO2 = 159 mmHg
PCO2= 0.3 mmHg
Alveolar air
PO2 = 105 mmHg
PCO2= 40 mmHg
Exhaled air is a mixture of inhaled and alveolar air

28. Gas exchange: Henry’s Law
Henry’s law—the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas AND the solubility each gas.
CO2 is 20X more soluble than O2

29. Gas Exchange Partial pressure differences Small distance
Molecular weight and solubility of gases
Large surface area
Coordinated blood- and airflow

30. Ventilation-perfusion coupling
Necessary for efficient gas exchange
Ventilationthe amount of gas reaching the alveoli
Perfusion blood flow in the capillaries

31. Oxygen transport Red blood cells Hb + O2 « HbO2
Hemoglobin saturation and affinity
PO2 of blood
Blood pH
PCO2 of blood
Temperature
Metabolism in RBC’s

32. Hemoglobin and PO2 Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve
Shape of Hb changes as O2 binds
Cooperativity
Oxygen reserve
Oxygen “bars”
Carbon monoxide

33. Hemoglobin and pH Normal blood—pH = 7.4 Active tissues are acidic
Bohr Effect interaction between hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and its affinity for hydrogen ions

34. Hemaglobin and PCO2
CO2 + H2O « H2CO3 « H+ + HCO3-

35. Hemaglobin and Temperature
Normal blood has temperature = 37ºC
Active tissues have higher temps

36. Hemaglobin and BPG
Biphosphoglycerate (BPG) found in RBCs decreases the affinity of Hb for O2
Glycolysis produces lactic acid and BPG
BPG binds reversibly to Hb and is required for Hb to release O2

37. Fetal Hemoglobin
Higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb

38. CO2 Transport Dissolved CO2 Carbamino compounds Bicarbonate ions
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ions
CO2 + H2O « H2CO3 « H+ + HCO3-
Chloride shift
Haldane effect

39. Summary

40. Haldane effect
O2 effects on CO2 transport in blood

41. Nervous Control Respiratory center Medullary rhythmicity area
Ventral respiratory group responsible for pattern generation of breathing
Pontine respiratory group (Pneumotaxic area)

42. Chemical Control
PCO2
PO2

44. Respiratory Reflexes Chemoreceptors Central Peripheral
Aortic and carotid bodies
Hypercapnia
Involuntary hyperventilation
Hypocapnia
Voluntary hyperventilation

45. Homeostatic Imbalances
Rhinitis
Hyperventilation
Hyperapnea
COPD
Dyspnea
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Asthma TB
Lung Cancer
Cystic Fibrosis

46. Resources Interactive Respiratory Physiology
Function of the Respiratory System