1. An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

2. Anatomy - The study of the structure and shape of the body parts and their relationships to one another
Gross Anatomy - the study of large, easily observable structures
Greek words - cut (tomy), apart (ana)
Microscopic Anatomy - cells and tissues that can only be seen through a microscope
What is anatomy?

3. Physiology - The study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Physio = Nature
ology = the study of
neurophysiology?, cardiac physiology?
What is Physiology?

4. How They Work Together Structure determines the function.
Lungs:
Walls of air sacs are made of thin tissue
Used to exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body
Heart:
Walls made of Muscle
Used to pump blood throughout the body
How They Work Together Structure determines the function.

5. Structural Organization
Chemical level - Atoms combine to make molecules
Ex: Water, Sugar, Protein
Cellular Level - made up of molecules
Ex: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Tissue Level - made up from different types of cells
Ex: Epithelium, Connective, Nervous, Muscle
Structural Organization

6. Structural Organization
Organ Level - Made up from different types of tissues
Heart, Lungs, Kidneys, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Intestines
Organ System - different organs working together
Cardiovascular, Nervous, Respiratory
Organism - made up of many organ systems
Animals, Humans, Plants, Insects, Amphibians
Structural Organization

7. Organ Systems Skeletal Cardiovascular Integumentary Lymphatic Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Organ Systems

8. Like all complex beings, we maintain boundaries, move, and respond to environmental changes
Humans take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, grow and reproduce
Our organ systems work together to promote the well being of the human body
Maintaining Life

9. Maintaining Boundaries
Separates “inside” from “outside.”
Every cell in the human body is surrounded by an external membrane that contains its contents
Cells allow needed substances in, while restricting damaging or unnecessary substances
Not to mention the Integumentary system, or our skin
Maintaining Boundaries

10. Movement Promoted by the muscular system, aided by the skeletal system
Ability to use our body to manipulate the external environment
Ability to propel blood, breakdown food, excrete wastes, utilizing every internal organ in the body
Movement

11. Also known as irritability - the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then react to them
Ex: burn on stove top - pain stimuli - pull hand back
Ex: amount of carbon dioxide in your blood rises too high, body automatically increases breathing rate to excrete excess CO2.
Nervous system is mainly responsible for responsiveness
Responsiveness

12. Digestion Breaking down ingested food into simple molecules
Molecules are then absorbed into the blood
Delivery of molecules are transferred to all body cells via the cardiovascular system
Digestion

13. Metabolism All chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks
Uses nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP molecules, creating energy
Utilizes the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and endocrine systems
Metabolism

14. Excretion Removing wastes from the body
Rids the body of non-useful substances
Utilizes digestive and urinary systems
Excretion

15. Reproduction Production of offspring
Cellular reproduction - original cells divides, and producing two identical daughter cells, used for body growth or repair
Human reproduction - sperm fertilizes an egg which forms an embryo
Regulated by hormones in the endocrine system
Reproduction

16. Growth An increase in size
Accomplished by an increased number of cells
Cell constructing activities must occur faster than cell destroying activities
Growth

17. Nutrients - contains chemicals used for energy and cell building (Carbs, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, Vitamins)
Oxygen - chemical reactions that release energy from foods require oxygen
Water % of body is made up of water
Appropriate Temperature - 37 degrees Celsius, or 98 degrees Fahrenheit, the lower the temperature the slower the metabolic reactions become
Atmospheric Pressure - Force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air.  Exchange of O2 and CO2 also depend on this pressure
Survival Needs

18. Homeostasis A Dynamic state of equilibrium
Body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing
Homeo - The Same
Stasis - Standing Still
Homeostasis

19. Control Mechanisms Nervous and endocrine systems 3 Components:
Receptor (input) - sensor that monitors and responds to change (stimuli)
Control Center - (brain) via afferent pathways, analyzes information and determines response
Effector (output) - via efferent pathway, tells the stimuli what the control center wants
Control Mechanisms

20. Negative feedback - shut off the original stimulus to reduce its intensity.
Ex: AC Unit
Used in body to regulate: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, blood glucose level, O2, CO2, and minerals
Positive feedback - Push stimulus further from its original value.
the body rarely utilizes this type of feedback.
Control Mechanism

21. To understand the terminology associated with the human body we must establish a standard position
Anatomical Position
Body terminology used refers to different body locations regardless of the body’s current position
Language of Anatomy

22. General Terminology Dorsal Superior Palmar Inferior Plantar Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Dorsal
Palmar
Plantar
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
General Terminology

23. Anterior Landmarks Abdominal Acromial Antecubital Axillary Brachial
Orbital
Patellar
Pelvic
Pubic
Sternal
Tarsal
Thoracic
Umbilical
Abdominal
Acromial
Antecubital
Axillary
Brachial
Buccal
Carpal
Cervical
Coxal
Crural
Digital
Femoral
Fibular
Inguinal
Nasal
Oral
Anterior Landmarks

24. Posterior Landmarks Cephalic Sacral Deltoid Scapular Gluteal Sural
Vertebral
Cephalic
Deltoid
Gluteal
Lumbar
Occipital
Popliteal
Posterior Landmarks

25. Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal Section - longitudinal, dividing the body into right and left parts
Mid-sagittal Section - right and left parts are equal in size
Frontal (Coronal) Section - longitudinal cut dividing body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse (Cross) Section - horizontal plane, dividing body into superior and inferior parts
Body Planes and Sections

26. Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavities: Ventral Body Cavities:
Cranial Cavity - brain
Spinal Cavity - Spinal Cord
Ventral Body Cavities:
Thoracic Cavity - lungs and heart
Abdominopelvic Cavity - stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
Body Cavities

27. Upper Right and Left
Lower Right and Left
Quadrants

28. What organs are in each Quadrant?

29. URQ ULQ Upper Quadrants Right Lung Liver Gall-bladder Right Kidney
Intestines
ULQ
Heart, Left Lung
Stomach, Spleen
Left Kidney
Pancreas
Intestines
Upper Quadrants

30. LRQ LLQ Lower Quadrants Appendix Intestines Intestines
Reproductive Organs
Urinary System
LLQ
Intestines
Reproductive organs
Part of urinary system
Lower Quadrants