3. Agenda n Elements of Theory n Meta-Theoretic Approaches n Extrinsic Research n Intrinsic Research n Historical Research n Participant Observation Research n Field and Laboratory Research

4. Components of Theory THEORY

5. Considerations of Theory n Falsification

6. Considerations of Theory n Falsification n Aesthetic Theories

7. Components of Theory THEORY Abstract Calculus

8. Components of Theory THEORY Abstract Calculus Theoretic Constructs

9. Components of Theory THEORY Abstract Calculus Theoretic Constructs Rules of Correspondence

10. Agenda n Elements of Theory n Meta-Theoretic Approaches n Extrinsic Research n Intrinsic Research n Historical Research n Participant Observation Research n Field and Laboratory Research

11. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Positivists n Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptable

12. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Positivists n Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptable Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless

13. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Positivists n Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptable Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless Logical Atomism: statements also are Logical Atomism: statements also are meaningful if they are composed of meaningful if they are composed of simpler statements that describe simpler statements that describe empirical facts empirical facts

14. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Positivists n Positivists: generalizations apart from observable reality considered unacceptable Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless Logical Positivism: statements not describing facts are metaphysical and meaningless Logical Atomism: statements also are Logical Atomism: statements also are meaningful if they are composed of meaningful if they are composed of simpler statements that describe simpler statements that describe empirical facts empirical facts Logical Empiricism: metaphysical statements acceptable if they statements acceptable if they promote understanding empirical statements promote understanding empirical statements

15. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Phenomenologists n Phenomenology: immersion of oneself in the flow of experience

16. Major Meta Theory Schools: The Constructivists Constructivism: reality constructed by the individual’s encounter with the world and the individual’s set of personal constructs or expectations

17. Agenda n Elements of Theory n Meta-Theoretic Approaches n Extrinsic Research n Intrinsic Research n Historical Research n Participant Observation Research n Field and Laboratory Research

18. Content Analysis n How is content analysis quantitative research and how is it qualitative research? n When is interactional analysis invited instead of relational analysis?

19. Content Analysis Steps nDnDnDnDefine and Limit Communication Population nSnSnSnSelect Coding Units nSnSnSnSample Messages nCnCnCnCode Message Content nAnAnAnAnalyze Results nInInInInterpret Results

20. “Speed Versus Accuracy: A Content Analysis of Media Report Accuracy and the Alacrity Hypothesis“ Western States Communication Association Convention (Long Beach, CA: 2002) (completed with a team of 13 student researchers)

21. Extrinsic Research n Establishing Textual Authenticity n Establishing Authorship

22. Sources of Textual Corruption n Use of advanced copies

23. Sources of Textual Corruption n Use of advanced copies

24. Sources of Textual Corruption n Use of advanced copies n Recorder biases

25. Sources of Textual Corruption n Use of advanced copies n Recorder biases n Revisions in “memorial editions”

26. Sources of Textual Corruption n Use of advanced copies n Recorder biases n Revisions in “memorial editions”

27. Sources of Textual Corruption n Use of advanced copies n Recorder biases n Revisions in “memorial editions” n Editing for Readability

28. Sources of Textual Corruption n Use of advanced copies n Recorder biases n Revisions in “memorial editions” n Editing for Readability n Permitting Revisions

29. Determining Textual Authenticity n Comparison with original n Use of recordings n Comparisons of all texts

30. Detecting Authorship r External reports r Comparisons with other communication

31. A Quiz n Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t be all bad. n Go west, young man. n To the victors belong the spoils. n That government is best which governs least. n There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics. n Everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it.

32. A Quiz n Anybody who hates children and dogs can’t be all bad. W. C. Fields? n Actually Leo Rosten

33. A Quiz n Go west, young man. Horace Greeley? n Actually John Basone Soule

34. A Quiz n To n To the victors belong the spoils. Andrew Jackson? n Sen. n Sen. William L. Marcy

35. A Quiz n That government is best which governs least. Thomas Jefferson? n Henry David Thoreau

36. A Quiz n There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics. Mark Twain? n Twain quoting Benjamin Disraeli

37. n Everybody talks about the weather but nobody does anything about it. Mark Twain n Charles Dudley Warner A Quiz

38. Intrinsic Criticism n Distinguishing Criticism from Reviews n The Truth Criterion n The Ethical Criterion n The Results Criterion n Artistic Criteria

39. Difficulties Applying the Truth Criterion n Difficulty determining the truth n Even dreadful messages often tell the truth

40. Difficulties Applying the Ethical Criterion n Difficulty identifying intentions n Difficulty choosing ethical standards n Ignoring artistic merit

41. Difficulties Applying the Results Criterion n Difficulty identifying effects n Difficulty linking effects to messages n Immorality endorsed if it gets results

42. Examples of Artistic Criteria n Neo-Aristotelian criticism n Burke’s Dramatistic Pentad

43. Historical-Critical Research A Concept of History 1. A Study of the Past Record 1. A Study of the Past Record 2. Documentary Research 2. Documentary Research 3. Critical Research 3. Critical Research

44. Importance of Historical Research n All research involves past work n Arguments from history widespread n Past holds key to organize knowledge n Essential to establish continuity

45. Types of Historical Research n Biographical Studies n Movement Studies n Rhetorical Criticism n Development of Ideas n Case Studies n Bibliographic Research

46. Participant Observation Methods n The Role of the Observer n The Objectivity Problem n Distinguishing Participant Observation Research and Ethnography n Difficult Steps in Participant Observation Work

47. Distinguishing Field and Laboratory Research n Field studies occur in the natural environment n Laboratory studies control for many interfering elements in the environment n Distinction is fluid

48. Advantages and Limitations of Field and Laboratory Research Power of manipulation + - Realism + - Control usually - + Measurement maybe + Randomization-+ Observer Bias - + Field Laboratory