1. Solenoid-free Plasma Start-up in NSTX using Transient CHI R. Raman 1, M.G. Bell 2, T.R. Jarboe 1, B.A. Nelson 1, D.Mueller 2, R. Maqueda 3, R. Kaita 2, B. LeBlanc 2, J. Menard 2, T. Bigelow 4, D. Gates 2, R. Maingi 4, M. Nagata 5, M. Ono 2, M. Peng 4, S. Sabbagh 6, M.J. Schaffer 7, V. Soukhanowskii 8, R. Wilson 2 and the NSTX Research Team 1University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 2Princeton Plasma Physics Lab., Princeton, NJ,USA 3Nova Photonics, USA 4Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA 5University of Hyogo, Japan 6Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 7General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA 8Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA Joint Meeting of the 3 rd IAEA technical Meeting on Spherical Torus and the 11 th International Workshop on Spherical Torus 3-6 October 2005, St Petersburg, Russia Supported by Work supported by DOE contract numbers DE-FG02-99ER54519 AM08, DE-FG03-96ER54361

2. Outline Motivation for solenoid-free plasma startup Implementation of CHI in NSTX Requirements for Transient CHI Experimental results from NSTX –Brief summary of HIT-II results Summary and Conclusions

3. Solenoid-free plasma startup is essential for the viability of the ST concept Elimination of the central solenoid simplifies the engineering design of tokamaks (Re: ARIES AT & RS) CHI is capable of both plasma start-up and edge current in a pre-established diverted discharge - Edge current profile for high beta discharges

4. CHI research on NSTX focuses on three areas Solenoid-free plasma startup –New method referred to as Transient CHI * Edge current drive –Controlling edge SOL flows –Improving stability limits –Induce edge rotation Steady-state CHI –SS relaxation current drive *Demonstration of plasma start-up by coaxial helicity injection, R. Raman, T.R. Jarboe, B.A. Nelson et al., Physical Review Letters, 90, 075005 (2003)

5. Implementation of Transient CHI Expect axisymmetric reconnection at the injector to result in formation of closed flux surfaces Fast camera: R. Maqueda

6. Requirements for optimizing Transient CHI “Bubble burst” current that is equal I inj –I inj   2 inj /  toroidal (easily met)* –[I inj is the injector current, and  is the poloidal flux] Volt-seconds to replace the toroidal flux –For  toroidal 600 mWb, at ~500V need ~1.2ms just for current ramp-up Condition met Will improve at higher voltage Energy for peak toroidal current (LI 2 /2, L~1  H) –Maximum possible I p (with 3 caps at 1.5kV - 17 kJ used in 2005) ~ 190 kA is possible (experiment achieved ~ 150 kA) –Adequate available energy, will improve as V cap is increased Energy for ionization of injected gas and heating to 20eV (~50eV/D) –At lowest gas pressure 2 Torr.L injected during 2005, need ~2kJ –Condition adequately satisfied * T.R. Jarboe,"Formation and steady-state sustainment of a tokamak by coaxial helicity injection," Fusion Technology 15, 7 (1989).

7. Equilibrium and pre-ionization requirements The equilibrium coil currents provide the following: –An equilibrium for the target closed current when the open field line current is back to zero –Define inj = µ o I inj /  inj ST = µ o I p /  toroidal –The initial injector flux with a narrow enough footprint and with inj > ST. Gas puff provides the following: –Just enough gas for breakdown (need j/n > 10 ‑ 14Am, Greenwald) –Highest density at the injector ECH provides the following: –Pre-ionization for rapid and repeatable breakdown –Initial plasma in the injector gap

8. Capacitor bank used in Transient CHI Experiments Maximum rating: 50 mF (10 caps), 2 kV Operated reliably at up to 1.5kV (4 caps) Produced reliable breakdown at ~ 1/10th the previous gas pressure (20 Torr.Liter used in 2003) –Constant voltage application allowed more precise synchronization with gas injection –EC-Pi and gas injection below divertor used for Pre-ionization assist

9. This year we improved pre-ionization to a level that results in injected gas 10 times less than in 2004 Novel pre-ionization system –Injects gas and 10-20kW of 18GHz ECH in a cavity below the lower divertor gap –Successfully tested, achieved discharge generation at injected gas amount of < 2 Torr.Liter Fast Crowbar system –Rapidly reduces the injector current after the CHI discharge has elongated into the vessel. The small glow shown by the arrow is in the gap between the lower divertor plates and it is produced solely by EC- Preionization of the gas injected below the lower divertor plates. No voltage is applied. Shot 116565 603.4ms B T = 0.35T 1.4 Torr.L gas injection Shot 116570 602.2ms B T =0.35T 0.7 Torr.L gas injection EC-Pi glow along the center stack Divertor gap

10. Closed flux current generation by Transient CHI Plasma current amplified many times over the injected current. The sequence of camera images shows a fish eye image of the interior of the NSTX vacuum vessel. The central column is the center stack, which contains the conventional induction solenoid. The lower bright region seen at 6ms is the injector region. 6 ms8 ms10 ms 12 ms15 ms17 ms Hiroshima University (N. Nishino) Camera Images: R. Kaita (PPPL)

11. Good Thomson T e and n e profiles obtained when fast camera shows presence of closed flux region Movement of discharge towards CS seen in the Thomson density profile, consistent with the camera image Te measurements made when cap bank current is zero >60kA of closed flux current generated using Transient CHI Unambiguous closed flux current generation is clearly demonstrated in these discharges. Fast camera images and Thomson data from CHI current persistence shot 118342 Phantom Camera Images: R. Maqueda (Nova Photonics) Thomson: B. LeBlanc (PPPL) 13ms17ms 13ms17ms 13ms 17ms

12. Thomson profiles show progression towards a less hollow profile at later times, consistent with CHI startup CHI startup initially drives current along the edge After reconnection in the injector region, the initially hollow profile should become less hollow with time as current diffuses in 12ms18ms 13ms 15ms 12ms 16ms Thomson: B. LeBlanc (PPPL) The black traces are at the earlier time, and the red traces are at the later time

13. Preliminary EFIT reconstructions Shot 118334 at 26msShot 118342 at 11ms For discharge 118334, that has about 15 to 20kA persisting beyond t = 20ms, EFIT indicates the presence of a discharge along the center stack. EFIT: S. Sabbagh (Columbia U)

14. Some discharges have current persistence well beyond 20ms 10ms 14ms 16ms 17ms 19ms 20ms 22ms 32ms 35ms 40ms Until t=19ms, the plasma continues to shrink in size along the CS. Then for the subsequent 15ms, it becomes diffuse and spreads along the center column. As seen at 22ms,there are diffuse structures indicating field lines at larger major radius near the mid- plane, Then starting at about 35ms, the elongation shrinks and it once again becomes a small more discharge localized to the mid- plane for the subsequent 200 to 400ms. The induced loop voltage varies between 0.1 to 0.4V during the period of 8 to 22ms, thereafter it is zero.

15. Fast camera movie of a short duration transient CHI discharge (shot 118342) As time progresses, the CHI produced plasma gradually shrinks in size and forms a ring around the center stack

16. Some discharges persist for t > 200ms (shot 118346) In this discharge, the after the plasma shrinks to a small size, it continues to persist for nearly 400ms. Plasma parameters for this persisting plasma have not yet been measured. Plasma Current (kA) Injector Current (kA)

17. Summary Generation of a solenoid-free closed flux current discharge by CHI demonstrated in NSTX 60kA of closed flux current generated using only 7kJ of capacitor bank energy –Optimization at more energy should easily result in closed flux currents of >200kA –At this current level, expect HHFW and NBI to couple to CHI produced discharges for non-inductive current ramp-up In some discharges, the current channel shrinks to a small size and persists for more than 200ms