1. Economics of Forestland Use and Even-Aged Rotations Land tends to be used for the activity that generates the greatest NPV of future satisfaction to the present owner. Once the land use is determined the same maximization of NPV defines how that use will be carried out.

2. Stand Level Decisions Assumptions –Competitive market conditions Landowners are price takers –Nonmonetary values ignored –All cash flows and interest rates are real –Taxes “ignored” Assume cash flows are after taxes, or Assume public agency context –Cash flows are “expected values” –Discount rate may also need to be increased to account for increased level of risk

3. Expected Value Way to account for the risk associated with an investment Weighted average outcome –Weights are probabilities of possible outcomes –Example 80% of time investment expected to yield $1,000 20% of time investment expected to yield $500 Expected value is, 0.80x $1,000 + 0.20 x $500 = $900

4. Land Use In An Unregulated Market - land will be purchased by highest bidder Example –rural tract of cutover timberland of all one site quality, –not suitable for agriculture because of slope and soil type, –three basic land uses are possible Even-aged sawtimber production Even-aged pulpwood production Grazing

5. Land Use In An Unregulated Market - land will be purchased by highest bidder Example –Potential buyers will project their expected cost and revenue stream from the tract Estimate a WPL ∞ (SEV) using their minimum acceptable rate of return (MAR)

6. WPL ∞ (SEV) ∑ y=0 t R y (1+r) (t-y) - ∑ y=0 t C y (1+r) (t-y) (1+r) t - 1 a – c + r = ∑ t y=0 (R y – C y ) (1+r) (t-y) (1+r) t - 1 + a - c r = NyNy

7. r = IRR if pay WPL ∞ for land WPL ∞ = Capital value of periodic series at interest rate r If put WPL ∞ on right hand side as a cost, NPV = 0

8. ∑ t y=0 (R y – C y ) (1+r) (t-y) (1+r) t - 1 + a - c r = - 0WPL ∞

9. Even-Aged Sawtimber Costs ($/A) –reforestation of $150 –rotation of 40 years, t = 40 –thinning of $50 in year 10 and every 40 years thereafter –annual cost of $4 Revenues ($/A) –final harvest of $3,500 every 40 years –thinning of $300 in year 20 and every 40 years thereafter WPL ∞ = Excel SpreadsheetExcel Spreadsheet

10. Even-Aged Pulpwood Costs ($/A) –reforestation of $150 –rotation of 20 years, t = 20 –annual cost of $4 Revenue ($/A) –Final harvest of $1,000 every 20 years WPL ∞ = Excel SpreadsheetExcel Spreadsheet

11. Grazing annual net revenue of $20 per A initial seeding cost of $175 WPL ∞ = Excel SpreadsheetExcel Spreadsheet

12. SawtimberPulpwood Grazing Sawtimber producers would tend to win bidding for this type of land

13. Market value of land doesn’t usually equal WPL ∞ of a given investor Market value is result of WPL ∞ of all interested buyers, and their willingness to bid more than their WPL ∞ Land itself can be treated as a separate investment –Calculate WPL 1, the willingness to pay for bare land with land sale after one rotation

14. WPL 1 = ∑ y=0 t RyRy (1+r) y - ∑ t y=0 CyCy (1+r) y + LtLt (1+r) t How much investor would pay for land assuming the land is sold at end of first rotation for L t WPL 1 for sawtimber example = Excel SpreadsheetExcel Spreadsheet

15. Implication Investor willing to pay $446, $25 more per A, if assume can sell land for $600 per A at end of first rotation. Recall that WPL ∞ was $421 per A If L t = WPL 1 in the equation for WPL 1, then WPL 1 = WPL ∞

16. Sensitivity Analyses Recalculate WPL with different assumptions about important variables –MAR –Productivity –Product prices –Increases in annual costs –etc.etc.

17. Market Allocation of Land Uses Theoretically yields private optimum land use pattern Social optimum may be different How does government try to get closer to social optimum? –Planning and Zoning –Purchase of private land for public uses –Conservation easements

18. Capital Performance Indicators Assessment of the return your capital is earning, e.g. –General measure, ROI, return on investment, IRR is a ROI measure –Measure for stock Price-Earnings ratio (P/E) –Measure for bonds Yield

19. Capital Performance Indicators Price-Earnings Ratios (P/E) for Stock

20. Capital Performance Indicators Measures for forest-related investments –Overall measure IRR –Individual tree Financial maturity –Forest Forest value growth % for forest

21. Annual Value Growth As % of Forest Capital “Profits” should be measured in terms of capital tied up, not in absolute terms –Example, $100 per acre generated with $1,000 of capital is 10% return on investment, $100 per acre earned with $10,000 of capital is 1% return –Concept used for “financial maturity” of an individual tree”

22. Annual Value Growth As % of Forest Capital Calculation should include, –Market value of the land, L y, in the value of the “forest” capital, –Timber value based on “stumpage value” assuming liquidation of timber for even-aged management. Liquidation value is sum of stumpage value and land value –Annual value growth should be reduced/increased by sum of annual revenues minus annual costs (a-c)

23. Annual Value Growth As % of Forest Capital Annual forest value growth % (H y+1 +L y+1 ) – (H y + L y ) + (a-c) H y + L y = Example, Table 7-3

24. Multi-Year Value Growth As % of Forest Capital Without net annual revenue (a-c) H y+n + L y+n H y + L y () 1/n - 1 Forest value growth % = With net annual revenue (a-c) Must determine iteratively, like for IRR

25. Holding Value (HV) of Forestland NPV of holding the forest and selling land and timber at the optimal rotation age for the timber Answers the question: Should I liquidate my investment now or wait until rotation age? ∑ t-y q=0 [ R q (1+r) q C q (1+r) q - ] HV y =

26. Optimum rotation age