2. Sampling

3. Contents: Specimens used for analysis Factors affecting the results of blood samples Precautions for collecting blood specimens Collection of Urine Specimens

4. Sampling Specimens used for analysis include: 1. Blood. 2. Urine. 3. CSF. 4. Fluids obtained by tapping Pleural Peritoneal Pericardial Synovial

5. 5. Amniotic Fluid. 6. Gut Secretions : Gastric Intestinal 7. Sweat. 8. Saliva. 9. Calculi : Renal 10. Feces. Biliary 11. Bile.

6. Specimens obtained must be: Properly labeled for identification. Of good quality e.g. No hemolysis in blood. Suitably preserved anticoagulant refrigeration others e.g. ice bath

7. Factors affecting the results of blood samples: The most important points to bear in mind while collecting blood samples are : Relation to diet Relation to drugs Relation to day time

8. Carbohydrate meal  Bl. Glucose Diet Protein meal   Urea Fat meal marked   TG little  Cholesterol

9. Drugs Oral contraceptives containing estrogens Cortisol T3, T4 HDL-Cholest. TG Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Few to several hours after last dose. Just before next dose Glucose Tolerance   Diurnal variations : Cortisol  am.  pm.

10. Precautions for collecting blood specimens: 1.Blood is an infectious agent. 2.Condition of the patient : Completely relaxed Physically (no exertion) Mentally (allay apprehension) 30 min before collection Specially important for Cortisol Blood gases Lactate

11. 3. Posture of the patient: Lying down for 20 min, recommended for : Plasma proteins & substances bound to them ( Ca, T3 & T4, Cortisol, Lipids ) by standing up ( redistribution of body fluids) by standing up ( Renin)   Aldosterone

12. 4. Choice of vein : Choose a wide vein even if palpable but not visible. Never collect blood from a vein in which an IV infusion is being given, even if distal to the infusion site. 5. Cleansing of skin : Ethanol ( Not to be used if ethanol in blood is 70 % to be determined ) Isopropanol

13. 6. Venous Stasis : Should be minimal specially for: Plasma proteins Lactate Coagulation Studies Ca, Cortisol, T3&T4, Lipids

14. 7. Avoid Hemolysis : Alcohol used for cleansing, should dry before needle introduction. Choice of wide vein. Minimal venous stasis. Clean introduction of needle into vein. Moderate drainage of blood. If you are using syringe for drainage, remove the needle before delivery of blood into the tube. Gentle mixing with the anticoagulant.

15. Effects of Hemolysis : Electrolytes :  K & Mg Proteins E/P :   -globulin Enzymes :    LDH  other enzymes e.g. AST May interfere with some tests

16. 8. Care of sample after collection : - Blood gases - Lactate - Pyruvate Rapidly process the blood sample OR keep in ice bath until analysis - Generally, separate plasma or serum as soon as possible, if not, the following changes may be observed: a) Glucose    lactate, except if collected on fluoride b) Some substances may leak from RBCs   K, LDH & P c) Loss of CO 2 & giving of O 2 d) Certain enzymes are labile e.g. Acid phosphatase

17. Collection of Urine Specimens: Many measurements may be done on a random sample. A better value is obtained if measurement is done on a timed collection of urine e.g. 24-h sample: 1.Start at 8.00 h by completely emptying the bladder, this urine is discarded. 2.Thereafter, collect all urine voided into a container which is kept in the refrigerator. An alternative is to add a suitable preservative to the container and to mix it well with the urine each time the urine is added. 3.At 8.00 h next day urine is voided and added to the urine collected.