2. Group 13 Heavy Lift Cargo Plane Stephen McNulty Richard-Marc Hernandez Jessica Pisano Yoosuk Kee Chi Yan Project Advisor: Siva Thangam

3. Overview ObjectivesSchedule/Progress Design Concepts and Analysis Airfoil Airfoil Fuselage Fuselage Tail Tail Landing Gear Landing Gear End of Semester Deliverables Next Semester Goals

4. Objectives Competition Specs are not posted for 2004 competition The plane meets the specifications of the 2004 SAE Aero Design East/West competition To finish the design of the plane by December and begin construction and testing in January To compete well at competition and improve Stevens reputation For the team to improve and expand their knowledge of the design and construction of airplanes

5. Schedule

6. Journal/Progress Researched airfoil computer analysis software Calculations for Airfoil Competition rules keep changing and are no longer posted on website Competition rules keep changing and are no longer posted on website Stereo-lithography Lab Landing Gear models and analysis Fuselage Design and Calculations Tail Design

7. Airfoil Low camber, low drag, high speed, thin wing Deep camber, high lift, low peed, thick wing Deep camber, high lift, low speed, thin wing Low lift, high drag, reflex trailing edge Symmetrical (cambered top and bottom)

8. Airfoil Airfoils used from previous years: Year 2000: E 211 Year 2000: E 211 Year 2001: E 423 Year 2001: E 423 Year 2002: OAF 102 Year 2002: OAF 102 From research: E 214 E 214 S 1223 S 1223

9. C L vs. AoA

10. Airfoil Matrix Important Factor E122E214E423 OAF10 2 S1223 Cl512235 Cd254432 Constructio n 355443 Overall503033303338

11. Airfoil Design and Calculations Wing: Re (S1223) 326529 Swet [in^2] 3016.6402 Wing Span [in] 120 Wing Chord [in] 12 Sref [in^2] 1440 Clmax2.3648 Cf (turbulent) 0.005559594 Cf (laminar) 0.002324006 t/c0.121 x/c0.2 FF1.384435888 Cdmin (turb) 0.016124153 Cdmin (laminar) 0.006740173

12. Wing Shape RectangularTapered Rounded (or Elliptical) Swept Wing Delta Wing

13. Wing Shape Comparison Rectangular Wing Advantages: Greater aileron control Greater aileron control East to construct East to constructDisadvantages: Not efficient in terms of stall and drag Not efficient in terms of stall and drag Tapered Wing Advantages: Decrease drag / Increase lift Decrease drag / Increase lift Harder to construct Harder to constructDisadvantages: Not as efficient in terms of stall and drag Not as efficient in terms of stall and drag

14. Wing Shape Comparison Elliptical Wing Advantages: Minimum drag Minimum drag Most efficient compared to rect. and tapered Most efficient compared to rect. and taperedDisadvantages: Hardest to construct Hardest to construct Swept and Delta Wings Advantages: Minimum drag in high speed Minimum drag in high speed Very stable and flexible Very stable and flexibleDisadvantages: Suitable only for high speed aircrafts Suitable only for high speed aircrafts

15. Wing Shape Matrix WingEfficiencyStallCharacteristicConstruct.Overall importan ce 45465 Rect.44556 Tapered44452 Elliptical55248 Swept33336 Delta33336

16. Dihedral angle Dihedral Wing Flat Wing Cathedral Wing Gull Wing

17. Wing Angle Comparison Dihedral Wing Advantages: Helps stabilize aircraft motion from side to side Helps stabilize aircraft motion from side to side Helps stabilize aircraft motion when turning Helps stabilize aircraft motion when turningDisadvantages: Stress concentration at wing roots Stress concentration at wing roots Harder to construct Harder to construct Flat Wing Advantages: Easy to construct Easy to construct Load distribution is equally spread out the wing Load distribution is equally spread out the wingDisadvantages: Not as stable as dihedral wings Not as stable as dihedral wings

18. Wing Angle Comparison Cathedral Wing Advantages: Helps stabilize aircraft motion from side to side Helps stabilize aircraft motion from side to side Helps stabilize aircraft motion when turning Helps stabilize aircraft motion when turningDisadvantages: Stress concentration at wing roots Stress concentration at wing roots Harder to construct Harder to construct Suitable for high speed cargo planes Suitable for high speed cargo planes Gull Wing Advantages: Helps stabilize aircraft motion from side to side Helps stabilize aircraft motion from side to side Helps stabilize aircraft motion when turning Helps stabilize aircraft motion when turningDisadvantages: Stress concentration at the Gull point Stress concentration at the Gull point Hardest to construct Hardest to construct Suitable for high speed aircrafts Suitable for high speed aircrafts

19. Wing Angle Matrix Important Factor DihedralFlatCathedralGull Stability55353 performance44322 efficiency45422 construction33532 Overall8070585037

20. Number of Wings MonoplaneBiplaneTriplane

21. Number of Wings Comparison MonoplaneAdvantages Easiest to construct Easiest to construct Very light weighted compared to Bi- and Tri-planes Very light weighted compared to Bi- and Tri-planesDisadvantages Produces less lift for the aircraft Produces less lift for the aircraft Less stable when turning Less stable when turningBiplaneAdvantages Adds more lift to the aircraft Adds more lift to the aircraft More stable when turning More stable when turningDisadvantages Harder to construct and repair Harder to construct and repair Adds more weight to the aircraft Adds more weight to the aircraftTriplaneAdvantages Produces highest lift for aircraft Produces highest lift for aircraft Most stable compared to Mono- and Bi-planes Most stable compared to Mono- and Bi-planesDisadvantages Hardest to construct and repair Hardest to construct and repair Adds more weight to the aircraft Adds more weight to the aircraft

22. Number of Wings Matrix Currently do not have one yet 2004 Aero East Design rules are not up Decision is made based upon on the rules and regulations of the competition

23. Selection Selig 1223 Rectangular Dihedral

24. Fuselage Design and Calculations Fuselage: length25in width5in planforrm area151in^2 wetted area605in^2 fuselage/boom density0.002175slugs/ft^3 coefficient of viscosity3.677E-07slugs/ft-sec Velocity (flight speed)51ft/sec Re (turbulent)628484.4982 l/d5 Form factor1.4925 Cf0.004883112 Cd min (turbulent) 0.029200444

25. Fuselage PanelsWireframe Cast Mold Injection Mold

26. Fuselage Comparison PanelsPros:Lightweight Easy to construct Easy to assemble Affordable Cons: Not very strong

27. Fuselage Comparison Wire frame Pros: Very Strong and sturdy Affordable Cons:Heavy Difficult to construct

28. Fuselage Comparison Cast Molding Pros: Very accurate shape Aerodynamic advantages Strong frame No assembly required Cons:unaffordable Difficult to design a mold No spare parts

29. Fuselage Comparison Injection Molding Pros: Very accurate shape Aerodynamic advantages Strong frame No assembly required Cons:UnaffordableHeavy Difficult to design a mold No spare parts

30. Fuselage Matrix ImportancePanels Wire frame Cast Mold Injection Mold Construction55342 Weight55432 Cost45422 Strength43545 Total9082715948 Ranking1234

31. Selection Panel Fuselage

32. Boom Design and Calculations Tail Boom: Re1835174.735 length boom48in length fuselage25in length fuselage/boom73in Swet28in^2 Sref14in^2 Cf (turbulent)0.004001212 Cd min (turbulent)0.008402546

33. Tail Boom 1 spar 2 spars 3 spars 3 or more panels

34. Tail Boom Matrix Importance 1 spar 2 spars 3 spars 3 or more panels Construction45554 Weight45435 Strength53453 Total6555565751 Ranking3214

35. Selection Three Spar

36. Landing Gear Importance Facto r 1 Nose 1 Tail 2 Nose 2 Tail Without Rod Steerability35354 Impact52334 Construction34333 Total37333941 With Rod Steerability35354 Impact53.54.545 Construction34333 Total44.540.54446 Ratings 1-5

37. Landing Gear Analysis SolidWorks models Deflection Analysis Deflection Analysis Stress Analysis Stress Analysis Deformation Analysis Deformation Analysis Top fixed Force applied to bottom of legs Force applied = 45lbs Force applied = 45lbs Force = Weight of plane Force = Weight of plane

38. Landing Gear Design 1 Analysis Standard Main Landing Gear Aluminum Design Rejected Max Deflection.2238 in Stress Max 6.162e3 Psi

39. Landing Gear Design 2 Analysis Main Landing Gear with Rod Aluminum Max Deflection.0196 in Stress Max 1.651 Psi Last years final design

40. Landing Gear Design 3 Analysis Max Deflection 1.841e-3 in Stress Max 6.783e+2 Psi Main Landing Gear Truss Design Aluminum Design Being Strongly Considered

41. Landing Gear Design 4 Analysis Main Landing Gear Modified Truss Design Aluminum Design Being Strongly Considered Max Deflection 1.342e-3 in Stress Max 5.332e+2 Psi

42. Landing Gear Design 5 Analysis Stress Max 2.651e+2 Psi Max Deflection 1.890e-4 in Main Landing Gear Modified Truss Design Modified for Lighter Weight Aluminum Selected

43. Tail Design and Calculations Horizontal tail: Vertical Tail: Re (NACA 0012)175975.6 Re (NACA0012)246365.9 chord (MAC)7inchord (MAC)9.8in Swet0in^2Swet189in^2 Wing Span40inTail height24in Sref280in^2Sref235.2in Clmax0 Cf (laminar)0.003166 Cf (laminar)0.002675 t/c0.12 t/c0.12 x/c0.287 x/c0.287 FF1.271607 FF1.271607 Cdmin (laminar)0 0.0027339 Tail stabilizer does not provide lift to plane. Symmetrical airfoil is needed for vertical tail.

44. Tail Conventional Tail T-Tail H-Tail Triple Tail V-Tail

45. Tail Matrix Importance Conventio nal Tail T-TailH-Tail Triple Tail V-Tail Constructi on 554434 Surface Area/ Drag 444434 Control/ Stability 444453 Total655752524748 Ranking12254

46. Tail Vertical Tail Stabilizer 2ft 2ft controls the horizontal movement of plane controls the horizontal movement of plane keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side Horizontal Tail Stabilizer 3.33ft 3.33ft controls vertical movement of plane controls vertical movement of plane prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose

47. Construction Wing/Tail Construction Foam Core Foam Core Risers (Balsa Wood) Risers (Balsa Wood) Fuselage Construction Plywood Plywood Aluminum Plate Aluminum Plate Boom Construction Wooden Dowels Wooden Dowels Carbon Fiber Tubes Carbon Fiber Tubes Plywood Plywood Landing Gear Aluminum Aluminum Steel SteelTire Rubber Core Rubber Core Air Filled Rubber Air Filled Rubber Sponge Sponge

48. Construction Matrix Importa nce Importa nce Foam Foam Riser s Aluminum Plate Plywood Wooden Dowels Carbon Fiber Tubes Aluminu m Steel Rubber Core Air Filled Rubber Sponge Ease324555443334 Strength344553534452 Accuracy434555543442 Weight535244543245 Machinea bility 345555453224 Total5780758579877257536663 WingTailFuselageBoom Landing Gear Tire

49. ME 423 Senior Design, Fall 2003. Project Number 13 Team members: R. Hernandez, Y. Kee, S. McNulty, J. Pisano, C. Yan Advisor: Professor Siva Thangam Title: Creation of a Heavy Lift Radio-Controlled Cargo Plane Objectives: Design Results: Design Approach: Computer Aided Drawing of Design: Design Specifications: Design a high performance heavy lift R/C cargo plane whose purpose is to carry the most weight possible Enter manufactured design into 2004 SAE Aero Design East Competition in Orlando, FL Carbon Fiber Spars connecting fuselage and tail S1223 airfoil balsa wood risers construction of stabilizers and wings Rectangular wing planform Horner plates (winglets) for improved flight characteristics Tail dragger landing gear configuration Unitized body fuselage Dihedral Wing Wingspan: 10ft Engine: FX OS 2 stroke motor 0.61 cubic inches 1.9 hp Minimum Cargo Area: 120 in 3 Cargo Weight: 35 pounds Empty Plane Weight: 10 pounds Plane Length: 7.5ft Plane Height: 1 ft Technology Utilization of the latest airfoil simulations, composite materials, to obtain the lightest design that creates the most lift Maximum lift Selection of airfoil and wing shape Light materials Drag reduction

50. Final Design

51. End of Semester Deliverables Completed Airplane design Calculations Calculations CAD models and analyses CAD models and analyses Completed parts list for plane construction Gantt Chart for spring semester Budget

52. Summary ObjectivesSchedule/Progress Design Concepts and Analysis Airfoil Airfoil Fuselage Fuselage Tail Tail Landing Gear Landing Gear End of Semester Deliverables Next Semester Goals

53. Questions???