1. Population and Migration
AP Human Geography

2. Key Terms
Population Explosion – population crisis, most growth occurring in less developed countries that can’t handle more people
Demography – study of population characteristics
Crude birth rate and Crude death rate - # of live births per 1,000 people in population; # of deaths per 1,000 people in population
Overpopulation – lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of population of an area
Carrying Capacity – ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people
Ecumene – habitable land
Underpopulated – sparsely populated, some dominated by agriculture or physical barriers

3. Population Distribution and Density
Arithmetic Density – divides entire population of country by total land area to come up with a population density for the country as a whole
Physiologic Density – more accurate way to measure a country’s population density because only takes into account the land that is being used by humans

4. 5 Main Areas of Population Density/Distribution Around the World
East Asia – China, S/N Korea, Japan
South Asia – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Southeast Asia – Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand
Western/Central Europe – extends east to Ukraine
Northeastern US/Canada

5. Population Growth
Thomas Malthus – British economist, rate of population was growing faster than agricultural productivity
Linear Growth – growth that occurs evenly across each unit of time
Exponential Growth – growth as a percentage o fthe total population
Neo-Malthusian –if there are multiple minority groups and no majority group within a population set, the growth rate will eventually resemble the rate of growth of the fastest growing group within the set. (theoretical) The fastest growing group will eventually become a majority of the population.

6. Demographic Transition Model
Good indicator of what will happen to a society (or country’s) population
3 Factors
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Total Population
4 Stages
Hunting/Gathering
Agricultural
Industrial
Tertiary (zero population growth rate)

7. Population Structure
Population Pyramid – tool that charts population on a graph, break down population by age, sex
Sex Ratio – males to females in population
Population Projections – use demographic data to determine future population
Dependency Ratio – ages 0-14 and over 65 depend on the workforce for support
Demographic Momentum – continued population incrase as a result of a large segment of the population being young

8. Birth and Death Rates
Demographic Equation – global births minus global deaths and determines population growth rate for the world
Infant Mortality Rate – number of babies that die within the first year of life
Natality Rate – another term for birth rate - # of live births per 1,000 in the population
Enfranchisement/Suffrage – right to vote
Dowries – woman’s family must pay the groom’s family for the right to marry the son
Dowry Death – groom’s family will kill the bride because of her inability to pay the dowry

9. Population Equations and Scientific Methods
Doubling Time – number of years that it takes for a country to double its population
Equation:
doubling time = 70 divided by growth rate
Demographic Momentum – country can slow its growth rate in one of three ways
Imposing government laws
Decreasing birth rate
Increasing death rate

10. Historical and Global Perspectives

11. J Curve Ian Bremmer – developed j curve
J-curve – countries on a scale based on their openness and stability
Movement of countries on scale depends on economic progress

12. Causes of Population Increase
4 Primary Factors
Medical Advances
Quantity and Quality of food
Ethnic and Religious Issues
Economic Issues

13. Causes of Population Decline
3 Major Factors
Natural Disasters
War or Political Turmoil
Economic Issues

14. Immigration, Migration, and Refugees
Activity Space – when a person’s space is infringed upon, they move
Migration – movement of people
Immigrant – people who move into a country or region
Emigrants – people who leave a country or region
Net Migration - # of immigrants minus the # of emigrants

15. Push and Pull Factors
Pull Factors – positive perception about a location that induces a person to move there
Push Factors – negative perception about a location that induces a person to move away from that location
3 Types of Push and Pull Factors
Economic
Political (refugees – people forced to leave country for fear of persecution or death)
Environmental – usually voluntary
Place utility – communities offer incentives to move into the area, tax breaks, etc.

16. Additional Types of Migration
Intercontinental Migration – movement of people across an ocean or continent
Distance Decay – people begin to assimilate into the culture they are presently living
Acculturation – transfer of cultures
Chain Migration – voluntary, functions to reunite families and cultures
Interregional Migration – migration done within a country’s borders, from region to region
International Migration – movement between countries
Rural to Urban – economic reasons, move off farm and into cities
Cyclic Movement – seasonal migration of livestock to areas where food is more available
Transhumance – movement of livestock to higher elevations during the summer to escape the heat in the valley and to lower elevations during the winter to escape the severe cold of the mountains
Gravity Model – effective way to determine the relationship between the two urban areas. Suggests the greater sphere of influence a city has on other nearby cities.

17. Intervening Obstacles
Affect trade and migration between areas
Physical Obstacles
Distance and Cost of Travel
Cultural Factors (like language)
Governmental Restrictions (like quotas)

18. Intervening Opportunities
Occurs when migrant stops and decides to stay in a location along his/her journey because he/she encounters favorable economic opportunities or environmental amenities along the way

19. Forces Migration
Slavery – not all migration is positive, people bought and sold into forced labor
Transmigration – removal of people from one place and their relocation somewhere else within a country
Census – detailed counting of the population