1. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton C h a p t e r
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
Lone Star College - North Harris
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

2. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones
Allows us to move and manipulate objects
Includes all bones besides axial skeleton
The limbs
The supportive girdles
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3. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 8–1 The Appendicular Skeleton.
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4. An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 8–1 The Appendicular Skeleton.
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5. The Pectoral Girdle Also called the shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body
Positions the shoulders
Provides a base for arm movement
Consists of
Two clavicles
Two scapulae
Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium
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6. The Pectoral Girdle The Clavicles Also called collarbones
Long, S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end)
Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
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7. The Pectoral Girdle Figure 8–2 The Clavicle.
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8. The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades
Broad, flat triangles
Articulate with arm and collarbone
Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa
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9. The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Structures of the scapula
Body has three sides:
superior border
medial border (vertebral border)
lateral border (axillary border)
Body has three corners:
superior angle
inferior angle
lateral angle
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10. The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae The scapular head
Holds glenoid cavity
Which articulates with humerus
To form shoulder joint
Processes of the glenoid cavity
Coracoid process:
anterior, smaller
Acromion:
posterior, larger
articulates with clavicle
at the acromioclavicular joint
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11. The Pectoral Girdle Figure 8–3 The Scapula.
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12. The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Posterior features of the scapula
Scapular spine:
ridge across posterior surface of body
Separates two regions:
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
3D Rotation of Scapula, Clavicle, and Humerus
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13. The Upper Limbs
The upper limbs consist of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus
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14. The Upper Limbs The Humerus Also called the arm
The long, upper arm bone
Articulates with the pelvic girdle
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15. The Upper Limbs The Humerus Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis
Separated by the intertubercular groove:
greater tubercle:
lateral
forms tip of shoulder
lesser tubercle:
anterior, medial
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16. The Upper Limbs The Humerus Head: Anatomical neck: Surgical neck:
Rounded, articulating surface
Contained within joint capsule
Anatomical neck:
Margin of joint capsule
Surgical neck:
The narrow metaphysis
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17. The Upper Limbs The Humerus The Shaft Deltoid tuberosity:
a bulge in the shaft
attaches deltoid muscle
Radial groove:
for radial nerve
posterior to deltoid tuberosity
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18. The Upper Limbs The Humerus The distal epiphysis
Medial and lateral epicondyles:
for muscle attachment
Condyle of the humerus:
articulates with ulna and radius
Articular regions of the condyle
Trochlea:
coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa
articulates with ulna
Capitulum:
radial fossa
articulates with radius
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19. The Upper Limbs Figure 8–4a The Humerus.
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20. The Upper Limbs Figure 8–4b The Humerus.
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21. The Upper Limbs The Forearm (also called the antebrachium)
Consists of two long bones
Ulna (medial)
Radius (lateral)
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22. The Upper Limbs The Ulna The olecranon The coronoid process
Superior end of ulna
Point of elbow
Superior lip of trochlear notch
Articulates with trochlea of humerus
The coronoid process
Inferior lip of trochlear notch
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23. The Upper Limbs The Ulna Articulations with the humerus
Forearm extended:
olecranon enters olecranon fossa
Forearm flexed:
coronoid process enters coronoid fossa
Other articulations
Radial notch:
articulates with head of radius
forms proximal radio-ulnar joint
Ulnar head:
prominent styloid process
attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist
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24. The Upper Limbs Figure 8–5a The Radius and Ulna.
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25. The Upper Limbs The Ulna Interosseous membrane A fibrous sheet
Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to radius
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26. The Upper Limbs The Radius Lateral bone of forearm
Disk-shaped radial head above the neck
Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps
Articulations of the radius
Ulnar notch:
distal end
articulates with wrist and radius
Styloid process:
stabilizes wrist joint
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27. The Upper Limbs Figure 8–5b The Radius and Ulna.
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28. The Upper Limbs Eight carpal bones Four proximal carpal bones
Four distal carpal bones
Allow wrist to bend and twist
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29. The Upper Limbs The Four Proximal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate
Near styloid process
Lunate
Medial to scaphoid
Triquetrum
Medial to lunate bone
Pisiform
Anterior to triquetrum
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30. The Upper Limbs The Four Distal Carpal Bones Trapezium Trapezoid
Lateral
Trapezoid
Medial to trapezium
Capitate
Largest
Hamate
Medial, distal
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31. The Upper Limbs Figure 8–6 Bones of the Wrist and Hand.
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32. The Upper Limbs Metacarpal Bones
The five long bones of the hand
Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial
Articulate with proximal phalanges
Phalanges of the Hands (14 total finger bones)
Pollex (thumb)
Two phalanges (proximal, distal)
Fingers
Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
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33. The Upper Limbs Figure 8–6a Bones of the Wrist and Hand.
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34. The Upper Limbs Figure 8–6b Bones of the Wrist and Hand.
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35. The Pelvic Girdle Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones)
Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement
Part of the pelvis
Coxal bones
Made up of three fused bones
Ilium (articulates with sacrum)
Ischium
Pubis
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36. The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The acetabulum
Also called the hip socket
Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone)
Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface)
Acetabular notch
A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum
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37. The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–7a The Right Coxal Bone.
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38. The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–7b The Right Coxal Bone.
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39. The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ilium Greater sciatic notch Iliac crest
For sciatic nerve
Iliac crest
Upper brim
Iliac fossa
Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line
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40. The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ischium Ischial spine
Above lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Posterior projection you sit on
Ischial ramus
Meets inferior ramus of pubis
Superior ramus
Meets pubic tubercle
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41. The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Pubis Pubic symphysis Obturator foramen
Gap between pubic tubercles
Padded with fibrous cartilage
Obturator foramen
Formed by ischial and pubic rami
Attaches hip muscles
Pectineal line
Ridge of superior ramus of pubis
Continues to iliac crest as arcuate line (both of the ilium)
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42. The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–7 The Right Coxal Bone.
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43. The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The Pelvis
Articulations of the pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium
With the sacrum
Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity
The Pelvis
Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx
Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae
3D Rotation of Pelvis
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44. The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–8a The Pelvis.
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45. The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–8b The Pelvis.
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46. The Pelvic Girdle Divisions of the Pelvis True pelvis False pelvis:
Encloses pelvic cavity
Pelvic brim:
upper edge of true pelvis
encloses pelvic inlet
Perineum region:
inferior edges of true pelvis
forms pelvic outlet
perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity
False pelvis:
Blades of ilium above arcuate line
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47. The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–9a Divisions of the Pelvis.
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48. The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–9b Divisions of the Pelvis.
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49. The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–9c Divisions of the Pelvis.
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50. The Pelvic Girdle Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis
Smoother and lighter
Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
Pelvis modifications for Childbearing
enlarged pelvic outlet
broad pubic angle (>100°)
less curvature of sacrum and coccyx
wide, circular pelvic inlet
broad, low pelvis
ilia project laterally, not upwards
Male and Female Pelvis
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51. The Pelvic Girdle
Figure 8–10 Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female.
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52. The Pelvic Girdle
Figure 8–10a Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female.
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53. The Pelvic Girdle
Figure 8–10b Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female.
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54. The Lower Limbs Functions of the lower limbs
Weight bearing
Motion
Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg
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55. The Lower Limbs Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh)
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia and fibula (leg)
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)
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56. The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Femoral head:
articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
attaches at fovea capitis
The neck:
Narrow area between head and trochanters
Joins shaft at angle
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57. The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Trochanters:
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter:
tendon attachments
intertrochanteric line (anterior) and intertrochanteric crest (posterior):
mark edge of articular capsule
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58. The Lower Limbs The Femur The shaft The distal epiphysis Linea aspera:
most prominent ridge of shaft
attaches hip muscles
joins epicondyles
The distal epiphysis
Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle:
above the knee joint
Medial condyle and lateral condyle:
separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar surface
form part of knee joint
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59. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–11 The Femur.
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60. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–11a The Femur.
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61. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–11b The Femur.
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62. The Lower Limbs The Patella Also called the kneecap A sesamoid bone
Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris
Base attaches quadriceps femoris
Apex attaches patellar ligament
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63. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–12 The Right Patella.
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64. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–12 The Right Patella.
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65. The Lower Limbs The Tibia Also called the shinbone
Supports body weight
Larger than fibula
Medial to fibula
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66. The Lower Limbs The Tibia The proximal epiphysis
Medial and lateral tibial condyles:
separated by intercondylar eminence
articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur
Tibial tuberosity:
attaches patellar ligament
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67. The Lower Limbs The Tibia The shaft The distal epiphysis
Anterior margin:
sharp ridge of shinbone
The distal epiphysis
Medial malleolus:
medial projection at the ankle
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68. The Lower Limbs The Fibula Attaches muscles of feet and toes
Smaller than tibia
Lateral to tibia
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69. The Lower Limbs The Fibula Articulations with tibia
Fibula/tibia articulations:
head
inferior tibiofibular joint
Interosseous membrane:
binds fibula to tibia
Lateral malleolus:
lateral projection of ankle
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70. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–13 The Tibia and Fibula.
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71. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–13a The Tibia and Fibula.
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72. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–13b The Tibia and Fibula.
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73. The Lower Limbs The Ankle Also called the tarsus
Consists of seven tarsal bones
Bones of the ankle
Talus:
carries weight from tibia across trochlea
Calcaneus (heel bone):
transfers weight from talus to ground
attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Cuboid:
articulates with calcaneus
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74. The Lower Limbs The Ankle Bones of the ankle Navicular:
articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
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75. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
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76. The Lower Limbs Metatarsal Bones of the Foot Five long bones of foot
Numbered I–V, medial to lateral
Articulate with toes
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77. The Lower Limbs Phalanges of the foot Phalanges 14 bones of the toes
Hallux
Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal)
Other four toes
Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
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78. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
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79. The Lower Limbs Arches of the Feet
Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another
The longitudinal arch
Calcaneal portion:
lateral
Talar portion:
medial
The transverse arch
Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot
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80. The Lower Limbs Figure 8–14b Bones of the Ankle and Foot.
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81. Individual Skeleton Variation
Studying the Skeleton
Reveals characteristics
Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass)
Medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures)
Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion)
Body size
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82. Individual Skeleton Variation
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83. Individual Skeleton Variation
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84. Individual Skeleton Variation
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85. Individual Skeleton Variation
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