2. The Appendicular Skeleton

3. The Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle

4. The Appendicular Skeleton
– In Bone color
Figure 5.6c
Slide 5.32b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. Appendicular Skeleton
Made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles
Each limb has 3 major segments connected by movable joints
Pectoral girdles
attach the upper limbs to the body trunk
Pelvic girdle
secures the lower limbs

6. The Pectoral Girdle

7. Pectoral Girdles Composed of two bones Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade

8. Pectoral Girdles
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs

9. Clavicles (Collarbones)
The clavicles are slender, doubly curved long bones lying across the superior thorax

10. Clavicles (Collarbones)
The acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula, and the sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum

11. Clavicles (Collarbones)
Provide attachment points for numerous muscles
Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body

12. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
The scapulae are triangular, flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the second and seventh ribs

13. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Scapulae have three borders and three angles

14. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Major markings include
Suprascapular notch
Supraspinous fossae
Infraspinous fossae
Spine
Acromion
Coracoid process

15. The Upper Limb The upper limb consists of arm (brachium),
forearm (antebrachium),
hand (manus)
Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb

16. Arm Arm is formed by a single bone Humerus
Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow

17. Arm Major markings (proximal) Head Anatomical Neck Greater tubercles
Lesser tubercles
Intertubercular groove

18. Arm Major markings (distal) Capitulum Trochlea Medial epicondyles
Lateral epicondyles
Coronoid fossae
Olecranon fossae

19. Arm
Major markings (medial)
Radial groove
Deltoid process

20. Forearm Has two bones Ulna Radius
Interosseous membrane connects the two bones along their entire length

21. Forearm Articulates proximally with the humerus
Ariculates distally with the wrist bones (Carpus)
Articulates with each other proximally and distally

22. Bones of the Forearm
Figure 7.24

23. Ulna Lies medially in the forearm when in anatomical position
Slightly longer than the radius
Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus

24. Ulna Its major markings include Olecranon Coronoid process
Trochlear notch
Radial notch
Styloid process

25. Radius Lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna
Thin at its proximal end, widened distally
Superior surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

26. Radius
Medially, the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
Major markings include
radial tuberosity
ulnar notch (forms distal radioulnar joint)
styloid process

27. Figure 7.24

28. Hand Skeleton of the hand contains wrist bones (carpals)
bones of the palm (metacarpals)
bones of the fingers (phalanges)
Figure 7.26a

29. Carpus (Wrist) Consists of eight bones
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform proximally
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate distally

30. Metacarpus (Palm)
Five numbered (1-5) metacarpal bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm

31. Metacarpus (Palm)
Their bases articulate with the carpals proximally, and with each other medially and laterally
Heads articulate with the phalanges
Start counting at thumb

32. Phalanges (Fingers)
Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones called phalanges
Fingers (digits) are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb (pollex)

33. Phalanges (Fingers) Each finger (except the thumb) has three phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
The thumb has no middle phalanx

34. The Pelvic Girdle

35. Pelvic Girdle (Hip bones)
Figure 7.27a

36. Pelvic Girdle Bony Pelvis formed by Pair of hip bones (coxal bones)
Sacrum
coccyx
Attaches lower limbs to the axial skeleton with the strongest ligaments of the body

37. Pelvic Girdle Total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
transmits that weight to lower limbs
Protects and supports visceral organs

38. Pelvic Girdle
The sacral promontory, the anterosuperior margin of the first sacral vertebra, bulges anteriorly into the pelvic cavity.
The body’s center of gravity lies about 1 cm posterior to this landmark.

39. Coxal bones Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium, Ischium, Pubic bone

40. Ilium Lateral View
Large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone
Consists of a body and a superior winglike portion called the ala
Ilium in Yellow

41. Ilium Medial View
The broad posterolateral surface is called the gluteal surface
The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
Ilium in Yellow

42. Ilium Major markings include iliac crests four spines
greater sciatic notch
iliac fossa
arcuate line
pelvic brim
Lateral View – Ilium in Yellow

43. Ischium The ischium forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone
The thick body articulates with the ilium, and the thinner ramus articulates with the pubis
Lateral view – Ischium in purple

44. Ischium Major markings include: ischial spine lesser sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity
Medial view – Ischium in purple

45. Pubis The pubic bone forms the anterior portion of the hip bone
It articulates with the ischium and the ilium
Lateral view - Pubis in red

46. Pubis Major markings include superior and inferior rami pubic crest
pubic tubercle
pubic arch
pubic symphysis
obturator foramen (along with ischium)
Medial view – pubis in red

47. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Female pelvis
Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing
Male pelvis
Tilted less forward

48. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Female pelvis
True pelvis defines birth canal
Male pelvis
Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles

49. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Female pelvis
Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
Male pelvis
Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep

50. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Female pelvis
Lighter, thinner, smoother
Male pelvis
Heavier, thicker, more markings

51. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Male pelvis
Pubic Arch at 50o - 60o
Female pelvis
Pubic Arch at 80o - 90o

52. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Male pelvis
Acetabula large and closer together
(place the femur attaches)
Female pelvis
Acetabula small and farther apart
(place the femur attaches)

53. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Male pelvis
Sacrum is narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral
Female pelvis
Sacrum is wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated

54. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Male pelvis
Coccyx is
less movable; curves ventrally
Female pelvis
Coccyx is
more movable; straighter

55. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure
Image from Table 7.4

56. Lower Limbs

57. The Lower Limb
The three segments of the lower limb are the thigh, leg, and foot
They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs

58. Thigh Bone – The Femur The thigh has one bone Femur
Largest and strongest bone in the body
Articulates proximally with the coxal bone and distally with the tibia and fibula

59. Thigh Bone – The Femur Major markings include Head fovea capitis
greater and lesser trochanters
gluteal tuberosity
lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles
linea aspera
patellar surface
intercondylar notch
Thigh Bone – The Femur

60. Femur
Figure 7.28b

61. Leg Bones Leg has two bones Tibia Fibula
Connected to each other by the interosseous membrane

62. Leg Bones
They articulate with the femur proximally and with the ankle bones distally
They also articulate with each other via the immovable tibiofibular joints

63. Tibia
Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot

64. Tibia Major markings include medial and lateral condyles
intercondylar eminence
tibial tuberosity
anterior crest
medial malleolus
fibular notch

65. Fibula
Sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends located laterally to the tibia
Major markings include the head and lateral malleolus

66. Tibia and Fibula
Figure 7.29

67. The Foot

68. Foot The Foot Tarsus (ankle) Metatarsus (sole) Phalanges (toes)
Figure 7.31a

69. Foot
The foot supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running
Figure 7.31a

70. Tarsals
Composed of seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot
Body weight is carried primarily on the talus and calcaneus

71. Tarsals
Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly, and the calcaneus inferiorly

72. Tarsals
Other tarsus bones include the cuboid and navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

73. Calcaneus Forms the heel of the foot
Carries the talus on its superior surface
Point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of the calf muscles

74. Metatarsus and Phalanges
Metatarsals
Five (1-5) long bones that articulate with the proximal phalanges
The enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot”

75. Metatarsus and Phalanges
The 14 bones of the toes
Each digit has three phalanges except the hallux, which has no middle phalanx

76. Arches of the Foot
Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
Two longitudinal
One transverse
Figure 5.26
Slide 5.42
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

77. Arches of the Foot
The foot has three arches maintained by interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments
Arches allow the foot to hold up weight

78. The Arches of the Foot Lateral longitudinal
cuboid is keystone of this arch
Medial longitudinal
talus is keystone of this arch
Transverse
runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other

79. Quiz Next time
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