1. TCP Connection Management and Congestion Control Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley March 2012

2. Transport services and protocols r provide logical communication between app processes running on different hosts r transport protocols run in end systems m send side: breaks app messages into segments, passes to network layer m rcv side: reassembles segments into messages, passes to app layer r more than one transport protocol available to apps m Internet: TCP and UDP application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical logical end-end transport

3. Transport vs. network layer r network layer: logical communication between hosts r transport layer: logical communication between processes m relies on, enhances, network layer services Household analogy: 12 kids sending letters to 12 kids r processes = kids r app messages = letters in envelopes r hosts = houses r transport protocol = Ann and Bill r network-layer protocol = postal service

4. Internet transport-layer protocols r reliable, in-order delivery (TCP) m congestion control m flow control m connection setup r unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP m no-frills extension of “best-effort” IP r services not available: m delay guarantees m bandwidth guarantees application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical application transport network data link physical logical end-end transport

5. TCP: Overview RFCs: 793, 1122, 1323, 2018, 2581 r full duplex data: m bi-directional data flow in same connection m MSS: maximum segment size r connection-oriented: m handshaking (exchange of control msgs) init’s sender, receiver state before data exchange r flow controlled: m sender will not overwhelm receiver r point-to-point: m one sender, one receiver r reliable, in-order byte steam: m no “message boundaries” r pipelined: m TCP congestion and flow control set window size r send & receive buffers

6. TCP segment structure source port # dest port # 32 bits application data (variable length) sequence number acknowledgement number Receive window Urg data pnter checksum F SR PAU head len not used Options (variable length) URG: urgent data (generally not used) ACK: ACK # valid PSH: push data now (generally not used) RST, SYN, FIN: connection estab (setup, teardown commands) # bytes rcvr willing to accept counting by bytes of data (not segments!) Internet checksum (as in UDP)

7. TCP Connection Management Recall: TCP sender, receiver establish “connection” before exchanging data segments r initialize TCP variables: m seq. #s  buffers, flow control info (e.g. RcvWindow ) r client: connection initiator Socket clientSocket = new Socket("hostname","port number"); r server: contacted by client Socket connectionSocket = welcomeSocket.accept(); Three way handshake: Step 1: client host sends TCP SYN segment to server m specifies initial seq # m no data Step 2: server host receives SYN, replies with SYNACK segment m server allocates buffers m specifies server initial seq. # Step 3: client receives SYNACK, replies with ACK segment, which may contain data

8. TCP seq. #’s and ACKs Seq. #’s: m byte stream “number” of first byte in segment’s data ACKs: m seq # of next byte expected from other side m cumulative ACK Q: how receiver handles out-of-order segments m A: TCP spec doesn’t say, - up to implementor Host A Host B Seq=42, ACK=79, data = ‘C’ Seq=79, ACK=43, data = ‘C’ Seq=43, ACK=80 User types ‘C’ host ACKs receipt of echoed ‘C’ host ACKs receipt of ‘C’, echoes back ‘C’ time simple telnet scenario

9. TCP reliable data transfer r TCP creates rdt service on top of IP’s unreliable service r Pipelined segments r Cumulative acks r TCP uses single retransmission timer r Retransmissions are triggered by: m timeout events m duplicate acks r Initially consider simplified TCP sender: m ignore duplicate acks m ignore flow control, congestion control

10. TCP sender events: data rcvd from app: r Create segment with seq # r seq # is byte-stream number of first data byte in segment r start timer if not already running (think of timer as for oldest unacked segment)  expiration interval: TimeOutInterval timeout: r retransmit segment that caused timeout r restart timer Ack rcvd: r If acknowledges previously unacked segments m update what is known to be acked m start timer if there are outstanding segments

11. TCP sender (simplified) NextSeqNum = InitialSeqNum SendBase = InitialSeqNum loop (forever) { switch(event) event: data received from application above create TCP segment with sequence number NextSeqNum if (timer currently not running) start timer pass segment to IP NextSeqNum = NextSeqNum + length(data) event: timer timeout retransmit not-yet-acknowledged segment with smallest sequence number start timer event: ACK received, with ACK field value of y if (y > SendBase) { SendBase = y if (there are currently not-yet-acknowledged segments) start timer } } /* end of loop forever */ Comment: SendBase-1: last cumulatively ack’ed byte Example: SendBase-1 = 71; y= 73, so the rcvr wants 73+ ; y > SendBase, so that new data is acked

12. TCP: retransmission scenarios Host A Seq=100, 20 bytes data ACK=100 time premature timeout Host B Seq=92, 8 bytes data ACK=120 Seq=92, 8 bytes data Seq=92 timeout ACK=120 Host A Seq=92, 8 bytes data ACK=100 loss timeout lost ACK scenario Host B X Seq=92, 8 bytes data ACK=100 time Seq=92 timeout SendBase = 100 SendBase = 120 SendBase = 120 Sendbase = 100

13. TCP retransmission scenarios (more) Host A Seq=92, 8 bytes data ACK=100 loss timeout Cumulative ACK scenario Host B X Seq=100, 20 bytes data ACK=120 time SendBase = 120

14. TCP ACK generation [RFC 1122, RFC 2581] Event at Receiver Arrival of in-order segment with expected seq #. All data up to expected seq # already ACKed Arrival of in-order segment with expected seq #. One other segment has ACK pending Arrival of out-of-order segment higher-than-expect seq. #. Gap detected Arrival of segment that partially or completely fills gap TCP Receiver action Delayed ACK. Wait up to 500ms for next segment. If no next segment, send ACK Immediately send single cumulative ACK, ACKing both in-order segments Immediately send duplicate ACK, indicating seq. # of next expected byte Immediate send ACK, provided that segment starts at lower end of gap

15. Fast Retransmit r Time-out period often relatively long: m long delay before resending lost packet r Detect lost segments via duplicate ACKs. m Sender often sends many segments back-to- back m If segment is lost, there will likely be many duplicate ACKs. r If sender receives 3 ACKs for the same data, it supposes that segment after ACKed data was lost: m fast retransmit: resend segment before timer expires

16. Host A timeout Host B time X resend 2 nd segment Figure 3.37 Resending a segment after triple duplicate ACK

17. TCP Connection Management (cont.) Closing a connection: client closes socket: clientSocket.close(); Step 1: client end system sends TCP FIN control segment to server Step 2: server receives FIN, replies with ACK. Closes connection, sends FIN. client FIN server ACK FIN close closed timed wait

18. TCP Connection Management (cont.) Step 3: client receives FIN, replies with ACK. m Enters “timed wait” - will respond with ACK to received FINs Step 4: server, receives ACK. Connection closed. Note: with small modification, can handle simultaneous FINs. client FIN server ACK FIN closing closed timed wait closed

19. Principles of Congestion Control Congestion: r informally: “too many sources sending too much data too fast for network to handle” r different from flow control! r manifestations: m lost packets (buffer overflow at routers) m long delays (queueing in router buffers) r a top-10 problem!

20. Approaches towards congestion control End-end congestion control: r no explicit feedback from network r congestion inferred from end-system observed loss, delay r approach taken by TCP Network-assisted congestion control: r routers provide feedback to end systems m single bit indicating congestion (SNA, DECbit, TCP/IP ECN, ATM) m explicit rate sender should send at Two broad approaches towards congestion control:

21. TCP Congestion Control: details r sender limits transmission: LastByteSent-LastByteAcked  min{CongWin,RcvWindow} r Roughly,  CongWin is dynamic, function of perceived network congestion How does sender perceive congestion? r loss event = timeout or 3 duplicate acks  TCP sender reduces rate ( CongWin ) after loss event three mechanisms: m AIMD m slow start m conservative after timeout events rate = CongWin RTT Bytes/sec

22. TCP congestion control: additive increase, multiplicative decrease r Approach: increase transmission rate (window size), probing for usable bandwidth, until loss occurs m additive increase: increase CongWin by 1 MSS every RTT until loss detected m multiplicative decrease: cut CongWin in half after loss time congestion window size Saw tooth behavior: probing for bandwidth

23. TCP Slow Start  When connection begins, CongWin = 1 MSS m Example: MSS = 500 bytes & RTT = 200 msec m initial rate = 20 kbps r available bandwidth may be >> MSS/RTT m desirable to quickly ramp up to respectable rate r When connection begins, increase rate exponentially fast until first loss event

24. TCP Slow Start (more) r When connection begins, increase rate exponentially until first loss event:  double CongWin every RTT  done by incrementing CongWin for every ACK received r Summary: initial rate is slow but ramps up exponentially fast Host A one segment RTT Host B time two segments four segments

25. Refinement: inferring loss r After 3 dup ACKs:  CongWin is cut in half m window then grows linearly r But after timeout event:  CongWin instead set to 1 MSS; m window then grows exponentially m to a threshold, then grows linearly  3 dup ACKs indicates network capable of delivering some segments  timeout indicates a “more alarming” congestion scenario Philosophy:

26. Refinement Q: When should the exponential increase switch to linear? A: When CongWin gets to 1/2 of its value before timeout. Implementation: r Variable Threshold r At loss event, Threshold is set to 1/2 of CongWin just before loss event slow-start fast recovery congestion-avoidance

27. Summary: TCP Congestion Control  When CongWin is below Threshold, sender in slow-start phase, window grows exponentially.  When CongWin is above Threshold, sender is in congestion-avoidance phase, window grows linearly.  When a triple duplicate ACK occurs, Threshold set to CongWin/2 and CongWin set to Threshold.  When timeout occurs, Threshold set to CongWin/2 and CongWin is set to 1 MSS.

28. TCP sender congestion control StateEventTCP Sender ActionCommentary Slow Start (SS) ACK receipt for previously unacked data CongWin = CongWin + MSS, If (CongWin > Threshold) set state to “Congestion Avoidance” Resulting in a doubling of CongWin every RTT Congestion Avoidance (CA) ACK receipt for previously unacked data CongWin = CongWin+MSS * (MSS/CongWin) Additive increase, resulting in increase of CongWin by 1 MSS every RTT SS or CALoss event detected by triple duplicate ACK Threshold = CongWin/2, CongWin = Threshold, Set state to “Congestion Avoidance” Fast recovery, implementing multiplicative decrease. CongWin will not drop below 1 MSS. SS or CATimeoutThreshold = CongWin/2, CongWin = 1 MSS, Set state to “Slow Start” Enter slow start SS or CADuplicate ACK Increment duplicate ACK count for segment being acked CongWin and Threshold not changed

29. congestion control algorithm Th = ? CongWin = 1 MSS /* slow start or exponential increase */ While (No Packet Loss and CongWin < Th) { send CongWin TCP segments for each ACK increase CongWin by 1 } /* congestion avoidance or linear increase */ While (No Packet Loss) { send CongWin TCP segments for CongWin ACKs, increase CongWin by 1 } Th = CongWin/2 If (3 Dup ACKs) CongWin = Th; If (timeout) CongWin=1;

30. TCP Futures: TCP over “long, fat pipes” r Example: 1500 byte segments, 100ms RTT, want 10 Gbps throughput r Requires window size W = 83,333 in-flight segments r Throughput in terms of loss rate:  ➜ L = 2·10 -10 Wow r New versions of TCP for high-speed

31. Fairness goal: if K TCP sessions share same bottleneck link of bandwidth R, each should have average rate of R/K TCP connection 1 bottleneck router capacity R TCP connection 2 TCP Fairness

32. Why is TCP fair? Two competing sessions: r Additive increase gives slope of 1, as throughout increases r multiplicative decrease decreases throughput proportionally R R equal bandwidth share Connection 1 throughput Connection 2 throughput congestion avoidance: additive increase loss: decrease window by factor of 2 congestion avoidance: additive increase loss: decrease window by factor of 2

33. Fairness (more) Fairness and UDP r Multimedia apps often do not use TCP m do not want rate throttled by congestion control r Instead use UDP: m pump audio/video at constant rate, tolerate packet loss r Research area: TCP friendly Fairness and parallel TCP connections r nothing prevents app from opening parallel connections between 2 hosts. r Web browsers do this r Example: link of rate R supporting 9 connections; m new app asks for 1 TCP, gets rate R/10 m new app asks for 11 TCPs, gets R/2 !

34. Flow control and congestion control

35. Some definitions r Throughput: the gross bit rate that is transferred physically r Goodput: application level throughput, i.e. the number of useful bits per unit of time forwarded by the network from a certain source address to a certain destination, excluding protocol overhead, and excluding retransmitted data packets. r goodput is generally lower than throughput m Protocol overhead m Transport layer flow control and congestion avoidance m Retransmission

36. Summary r TCP connection management r TCP reliable data transfer r TCP congestion control