2. Geometrical Description of Vanes of Runner P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Provision of Features to Efficient & Benign Muscle.…

3. Classical Theory of Geometrical Detailing of Francis Runner Estimation extreme dimensions of runner, R r1i, R r2e & L Development of parabolic functions for leading and trailing edges of runner vanes. Description of Shape functions for runner channel, i.e., hub and surface along meridional plane. Computation of Iso-stream lines.

4. Creation of Runner Channel

5. Radial & Meridional Variation of Flow Velocity VfVf s

6. Kinematics and angles of the flow at blade inlet U ri V wri V rri  ri V fri  ri

7. Kinematics and angles of the flow at blade outlet U re V wre V rre  re V fre

8. Typical Geometrical Details in Meridional Plane

9. Description of Momentum Changing Mean Diameter line

10. Modern Functions for Blade Angle Variations

11. Centerline of Blade at Mean Dimeter

12. Mean Surface of Runner Blade Camber Surface of an Aerofoil

13. CONSTRUCTION OF THE REAL BLADES USING NACA PROFILES Once the camber surface is determined and verified in space. Embark this surface with profiles of adequate thickness, which will confer the necessary mechanical strength, the maximum energy transfer and the minimum drag by the liquid flow. Chose appropriate NACA profiles. The thickness relative function is given by the formula:

14. NACA 65 Series for Francis Runner Blade

15. The transposition of the profiles for all the 11 streamlines

16. CAD Model of Runner Blade

17. Francis Runner Blade

18. A Linear Array of Blades

19. Flow Path Through Runner Blades

20. Surfaces of Real Blade: Write Brothers – to - Jukowski

21. Circumferential Arrangement of Hydrofoil Blades

22. 3D Reconstruction of Runner with Blades

23. Study of Velocity distribution on runner for improvement

24. Blade to Blade Flow Variation

25. Three Dimensional Flow Visulization

26. Complete Francis Model

27. Meshing of Fluid Domain

28. Problem Definition in CFD

29. Blade Loading & Torque

30. Relative Performances of Components

31. Cause for Runner Losses

33. Modification of Hydrofoil Shape

36. Improvement of the Runner Design using CFD Classical Theory