1. Chapter 14 The High Middle Ages
Section 1
The Crusades

2. Causes of the Crusades
During the late 1000’s the Seljuq Turks, Muslims from Central Asia, gained control of Palestine
The Turks went on to attack Asia Minor
When they threatened to take Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire called on Pope Urban II
Eager to take back the Holy Land {Pope Urban called on Europeans to join in a Crusade against the Seljuq Turks}
The Crusades were a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land
The 10,000 people who took up the cause sewed crosses on their clothes and were called Crusaders

3. Crusaders

4. The First Crusade The 1st Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099
French and Italian soldiers marched to Constantinople
They passed through Constantinople and continued on through Palestine to the city of Antioch
They then marched down the coast toward the holy city of Jerusalem.
Fleet ships from Italy brought supplies to the crusaders and after a series of vicious battles the crusaders captured Jerusalem slaughtering its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants

5. The 1st Crusade

6. The Second Crusade
The capture of Jerusalem brought most of the Holy Land under European Control.
They set up 4 small states and introduced the feudal system and trade increased
The Christians and the Muslims lived along side each other and grew to respect one another
But by 1146 the Turks united their forces and started taking back the captured cities
In 1147 the 2nd Crusade began when King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany sent armies to recapture the cities.
The Turks held and the crusaders returned to Europe in disgrace

7. The 2nd Crudsade

8. The Third Crusade
In 1187 Muslim leader Saladin took control of Jerusalem
Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King Phillip III of France and King Richard I of England led separate armies to take Jerusalem
Barbarossa drowned on the way to the Holy Land and his army turned back
Phillip III took his army back to take over English lands in France
Richard remained in the Holy Land but could not take Jerusalem.
Instead he settled for a truce with Saladin. They gained some towns along the coast and Christians were allowed in the Holy City freely

9. The 3rd Crusade

10. The Fourth Crusade
Pope Innocent III gathered a group of French knights to embark on the 4th Crusade
In 1202 they left on ships provided by Venice
On the way the Venetians convinced the crusader to attack the city of Zadar, a trade rival to Venice. Because Zadar was a Christian city, Innocent III excommunicated the crusaders who attacked it
In 1204 the crusaders attacked and looted Constantinople, stealing many things that were holy to the Byzantine Christians
{At the end of the 4th Crusade Europe was in control of Constantinople}
After about 60 years of European control, the Byzantines eventually regained control. Until 1453 when the Turks took it again

11. Other Crusades In 1212 the Children’s Crusade took place.
Young people from all over Europe decided to march to the Holy Land
They lacked training and supplies and by the time they reached the Mediterranean coast the army was little more than a mob. The pope sent them home
For many years, crusaders tried to take the Holy Land. The Crusades continued until 1291 when the Muslims captured the city of Acre.
With the city’s fall the Crusades ended

12. Results of the Crusades
The goal of the Crusades was to take Holy Land from the Turks. All but the First Crusade failed to do so, but the Crusades did bring about many changes in Europe
The Crossbow became a popular weapon during the Crusades because it did not require much skill to use and could penetrate chain mail and armor
They also learned how to use catapults and how to undermine walls
From Muslims they may have learned about gun powder

13. New Weapons

14. Political Changes
To raise money for the Crusades, some lords sold their lands. Without land they had no power in the feudal system
Many nobles died fighting. With fewer lords the kings grew in power
{All of these changes helped to bring an end to feudalism}
The Crusades also made the church more powerful
As organizers of the Crusades, the popes took on more importance

15. Changes in Ideas and Trade
Between 1096 and 1291 thousands of crusaders traveled through the Holy Land exchanging ideas with crusaders from other parts of Europe as well as the Muslims and Byzantines
{The Crusades also helped make Italy into a major trading power}
When the Italians would take the crusaders to the Holy Land they would come back with ships full of good from Asia such as apricots, lemons, melons, rice and sugar

16. Review
Pope Urban called on Europeans to join in a Crusade against who?
At the end of the 4th Crusade who was in control of Constantinople?
What helped make Italy into a major trading power?

17. The End?