1. The brain and spinal cord develop from ectoderm
BRAIN & CRANIAL NERVES
The brain and spinal cord develop from ectoderm

2. The brain and spinal cord develop from the neural tube
Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Mesencephalon ( Midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
Primary brain vesicles are present around the 3rd week of development

3. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Differentiates in 5th week into:
Telencephalon
cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
thalamus; hypothalamus
pineal gland

4. Midbrain
Mesencephalon remains the same
Brainstem = midbrain

5. Rhombencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon cerebellum, pons
medulla oblongata

6. Meninges Dura mater Arachnoid Cavities
dural septa (extensions): falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli
Arachnoid
Pia mater
Cavities
subarachnoid space, subdural space

8. 4 Ventricles filled with CSF
Lateral ventricles (paired)
Interventricular foramen – connects to 3rd ventricle
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct – connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
Fourth ventricle
Connects with central canal of spinal cord

10. Cerebrospinal Fluid Clear, colorless fluid that protects brain
Formed by the choroid plexus
Absorbed by arachnoid villi

11. Parts of the Brain

12. Medulla oblongata
Major reflex center for the cardiovascular and respiratory system
vasomotor, vasoconstriction
Pyramids - decussation (crossing) center for motor `tracts
Non-vital center for coughing, hiccuping, swallowing, vomiting
Ascending/descending fibers pass through
Cranial nerves VIII-XII arise here

14. PONS Acts as a bridge connecting the spinal cord to the brain
Major relay center for voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
Coordinates with the medulla to regulate respiration
Cranial nerves V-VIII emerge here

16. Midbrain Corpora quadrigemina
Visual and auditory reflex centers
Cerebral peduncles - containing large fiber tracts going to and from the brain
Houses the cerebral aqueduct
Cranial Nerves III-IV emerge here

18. Thalamus Two halves connected by the intermediate mass
Relay center for ALL sensory cranial and spinal nerves
Interpretation center for crude awareness of pain, temperature and pressure
Location of 3rd ventricle

20. Hypothalamus Links the nervous system and endocrine system
Major regulator of homeostasis
Regulates many ANS functions
Regulates appetite, water balance, thirst, body temperature
Emotional part of brain - pleasure, fear, rage

22. Cranial Nerves 12 Pairs 1 Olfactory - smell 2. Optic - sight
3. Oculomotor - eye movements
4. Trochlear - eye movements
5. Trigeminal - eyes & face, chewing
6. Abducens - eyes

23. Cranial Nerves (continued)
7. Facial - facial expression, taste
8. Vestibulocochlear - equilibrium, hearing
9. Glossopharyngeal - tonge & swallowing
10. Vagus - heart, visceral organs
11. Accessory - neck & back
12. Hypoglossal - tongue

25. Cerebellum Second largest area of the brain 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Arbor vitae - branchlike pattern
Vermis - wormlike structure that connects left & right side
Major coordination of skeletal muscle contraction
Assists with posture and balance

26. Cerebrum Cerebral cortex - outer layer of gray matter
Two hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure
Gyri - ridges on surface
Sulci - grooves on surface
Fissures
Septum pellucidum - thin wall between ventricles

27. Lobes of the Brain Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus

28. Cerebral Dominance Left hemisphere Language Logic Math
Right Hemisphere
Artistic
Musical
Creative

29. Cerebral Cortex Specialization
Motor Areas
Control opposite side of body
Control voluntary motor functions
Sensory Areas
Detect sensations from opposite side of body
Association Areas
Integrate diverse information into purposeful action

30. Association Areas
Prefrontal Cortex – intellect, learning, & personality
Language Areas
Wernicke’s area – sounding out new words
Brocas’s area – speech
General Interpretation
Visceral Interpretation

31. Basal Ganglia Cerebral nuclei
Islands of gray matter located deep within the white matter
Function: controls large automatic skeletal muscle movements and produce dopamine

32. White Matter
Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) - connect corresponding parts of two hemispheres
Association fibers - connect within the same hemisphere
Projection fibers (higher centers to lower ones)

33. Limbic System Includes part of thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum
Emotional brain
Associated with memory
Involuntary behavior for survival
Pleasure and pain centers - fear, sorrow, affection

34. Reticular Formation RAS System - reticular activating system
Network of gray matter extending from the medulla, pons, midbrain into the cortex
Maintains consciousness
Awaken from sleep
Alerts brain of incoming sensory signals