2.  dolphins  whales

3. sperm whale (off the coast of Chilé)

4.  http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080221/ multimedia/news.2008.613.mov http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080221/ multimedia/news.2008.613.mov

5.  135,000 hours of your life asleep (1/3)  How do we study sleep?  What do we know about it?  What are some sleep disorders  What do we know about brain regions and neurotransmitters involved in sleep?

6.  typically in a sleep lab….  EEG – electroencephalogram  EPSPs of cortical neurons ◦ EMG – electromyelogram  looking at muscle tone (usually electrodes on jaw) ◦ EOG – electrooculogram  looking at eye movements (electrodes around eye)

8.  look at 2 components of the EEG 1.the frequency of the wave (n of peaks/unit time) –tells you about the number of cortical neurons generating EPSPs 2.the amplitude of the wave (height of wave) –tells us about the n of EPSPs that occur at the same point in time –n of neurons firing in synchrony

9. high frequency, low amplitude beta waves

10. start seeing higher amplitude, lower frequency alpha waves

11. 1 st sleep stage – still fairly high frequency low amplitude but clear difference from alert and awake state often will deny being asleep

12. 15 min later (if not disturbed) stage 2 – characterized by high frequency low amplitude sleep spindles and high amp low f k complexes role of these wave forms?–

13. 15 min later if not disturbed stage 3 – first of the slow wave sleep stages characterized by delta waves high amplitude, low frequency waves less than 50% delta waves is stage 3; more than 50% stage 4 (15 min later)

14.  during SWS, parasympathetic NS activity seems to predominate (hr and bp decrease, respiration decreases, gastric motility increases)  person relaxed but still motor activity; normal sleeper changes position every 20 min or so  stage 4 deepest stage ?

15.  typical 90 min sleep cycles goes from ◦ stage 1 (15 min) to stage 2 (15 min) to stage 3 (15 min) to stage 4 (15 min) to stage 3 (15 min) to stage 2 (15 min) to  first bout of REM sleep

16.  low amplitude, high frequency desynchronous EEG

18.  rapid eye movement (REM)  narrative dreams  muscle atonia ◦ look at motor cortex – extremely active but descending motor pathways paralyzed ◦ REM without atonia  penile erections and vaginal secretions  deepest stage? ◦ incorporate things into our dreams ◦ more likely to spontaneously awaken

19.  changes in amount of time spent in REM over the night

21.  maturational changes in pattern ◦ species with underdeveloped CNS – spend more time in REM

23.  changes in amount of time spent in REM over the night  maturational changes in pattern ◦ species with underdeveloped CNS – spend more time in REM ◦ human newborns ~ 50% sleep time in REM ◦ human premies ~ 80% sleep time in REM

24.  evolutionary theory ◦ predictions……  restoration and repair

25.  Sleep more if: ◦ No predators ◦ Safe place for sleeping ◦ Dangerous to yourself in the dark  Sleep less if: ◦ Fear of predation ◦ Food of low nutritional value

26.  evolutionary theory  restoration and repair ◦ marathon runner studies

28. 1. Insomnia

29. -primary cause - sleep medications

30. 1. Insomnia -primary cause - sleep medications -develop tolerance; REM rebound

33.  short-acting benzodiazepenes ◦ triazolam (Halcion®)

35.  short-acting benzodiazepenes ◦ triazolam (Halcion®)  problems with BZ  tolerance  REM suppression (and REM rebound)  WD

37.  Zolpidem- (Ambien) ◦ non hypnotic sedative ◦ Also a muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant ◦ Still works on GABA A receptors ◦ Works quickly (15 min) and with a short ½ life (how quickly it clears out of the body

38.  releases hormone melatonin at night

39.  Ramelteon (Rozerem) ◦ First in a new class of sleep medications ◦ non BZ ◦ non sedative ◦ melatonin agonist

40. 1. Insomnia -primary cause - sleep medications -develop tolerance; REM rebound -we are often poor estimators of how much sleep we get

41. -sleep apnea – difficulty sleeping and breathing at the same time -two types -1. CNS mediated – very rare -2. obstructive sleep apnea- main cause

42. weight loss, reducing alcohol consumption (or other muscle relaxants), elevated sleeping, CPAP machine – continuous postive airway pressure surgical procedures to remove or tighten tissue

43.  SIDS – sudden infant death syndrome ◦ possible link

44.  Nocturnal myoclonus – twitching of the body, usually the legs, during sleep – most are not aware of why they don’t feel rested (now called periodic limb movement disorder); involuntary  Restless legs – sufferers complain of legs being uncomfortable that prevents sleep- can occur when awake or asleep  Txt can include DA agonists; anticonvulsants Copyright © 2006 by Allyn and Bacon

45.  ~ 250,000 people in US ◦ symptoms: uncontrollable recurring sleep during daytime (usually during mundane tasks) ◦ subcategories  cataplexy-  hypnagogic hallucinations  REM sleep behavior disorder

46.  often (not always) older males  often (not always) associated with other neurodegenerative diseases

47.  brainstem structures – pons, medulla  abnormalities in noradrenergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic systems, seems to exist in the pathogenesis of RBD  clonazepam (Klonopin) ◦ anticonvulsant – ◦ benzodiazpene

49.  unusual sleep characteristics ◦ short latency to REM ◦ persistent muscle tone ◦ excessive muscle twitching  Treatment for narcolepsy ◦ stimulants; caffeine, ◦ GHB – gamma hydroxy butyrate**

50.  genetics of narcolepsy ◦ people with family history + are 50X more likely to have disorder than families without history + ◦ animal species

52.  Non-REM sleep disorders ◦ Enuresis ◦ Sleep walking

53.  locus coerulus- in hindbrain (NE transmitter) ◦ important for arousal  What does it do during sleep?

55.  locus coerulus- in hindbrain (NE transmitter) ◦ important for arousal  What does it do during sleep? ◦ active when awake; inhibited during sleep – particularly REM

56.  Acetylcholine – in pons – important for REM onset ◦ AChE poisoning (mustard gas or pesticides)  people go into REM immediately after falling asleep- very vivid dreams and nightmares!  PGO waves –

57.  Increases in tryptophan – increases in 5HT  Increases in 5HT – increases in drowsiness (?)