1. Neurotransmitter Release Signal Received (EPSP/IPSP)
What is an Action Potential?
Break Down:
Resting Membrane Potential
AP Generation
Signal Propagation
Neurotransmitter Release
Signal Received (EPSP/IPSP)
Repeat

2. The arrival of an action potential at the terminal will cause calcium, Ca+, to enter the cell and release vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.
So, what will it do to the post-synaptic membrane? -change it’s potential, EPSP or IPSP

3. vesicle
neurotransmitters
exocytosis
Synapse
Receptor

4. Release of neurotransmitter will produce a change along the post-synaptic membrane of the next neuron in the chain
…and so on…

6. Receptor (ion channel)
Neurotransmitter
Receptor (ion channel)
Neurotransmitter engages a receptor (lock-and-key)
Receptor may be an ion channel
If it opens an ion channel…

7. Sodium ion flow inward is responsible for the generation of an EPSP.
Would Na+ cause depolarization at -90? 0? +20? – yes, although -55 is threshold, after that Na+ is still depolarizing, as well as overwhelming
How does this make the cell more likely to fire?
Sodium ion flow inward is responsible for the generation of an EPSP.

8. IPSP
Why is it inhibitory? What does it do to the post-synaptic membrane? – lets in more neg ion into neg cell, and makes it more neg than before.
Chloride ion flow inward is usually responsible for the generation of an IPSP

9. Synaptic Release (Movie)

10. Multiple Inputs
Post-synaptic membrane may receive an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) and become depolarized or
Post-synaptic membrane may receive an inhibatory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) and become hyperpolarized
or BOTH Multiple excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto dendrites and the soma summate.

11. What about when you’re getting multiple signals of the same kind
What about when you’re getting multiple signals of the same kind? When there are many neurons, what decides if another fires an AP?

12. EPSP summation is decrimental- it is proportional to input
Spatial Summation
An action potential is not decrimental. Once threshold is crossed, the AP is always the same size and is not proportional to the input.
So, is it a democracy? (Spacial…) or is it ruled by special interests and lobbyists (temporal)?
EPSP summation is decrimental- it is proportional to input
Temporal Summation

13. Temporal and Spatial Summation (Movie)

14. Summary
Neurotransmitter released causes change in ion permeability on post-synaptic membrane.
Depending on ion, causes an EPSP or IPSP
EPSPs and IPSPs are summated spatially and temporally

15. Summary - Action Potential
Initially the cell is resting at around -70 mV.
Cell receives EPSPs and IPSPs from other neurons.
The cell becomes excited (depolarized) enough…
Threshold (-55 mV) is reached, voltage-gated Na+ channels open and action potential is sent down axon from the axon hillock.
Inward rush of Na+ depolarizes adjacent area of axon and preps new AP site.
The AP peaks (+35 mV), Na+ channels close and voltage-activated K+ channels open.
K+ efflux follows Na+ influx down the axon and causes hyperpolarization that prevents the AP from traveling backwards.
AP reaches axon terminal. Ca+ enters and releases vesicles filled with neurotransmitter.
NT crosses the synapse and binds receptor on post-synaptic cell

16. Review

17. Good animated review at http://outreach. mcb. harvard

18. What is a membrane potential?
-difference in voltage across the membrane
What is the value of the RMP of a neuron?
-it’s -70mV
What inside the cell is large, immobile, and negative?
-proteins, A-
What does selective permeability mean?

19. is different from positive ion and negative ion . is negative.
Which way is concentration force of ?
Which way is electrical force of ?

20. Cl- Outside IN OUT K+ Inside Na+
Define the Chemical and Electrical forces on these ions in a neuron at RMP (-70inside)
More concentrated on the…
Concentration gradient pushes it…
Electrical gradient pushes it…
Cl-
Outside IN
OUT K+
Inside
Na+

21. Determine Chemical and Electrical forces on K+ at different membrane potentials (*remember it’s still highly concentrated on the inside)
Chemical force pushes it…
Electrical force pushes it…
At RMP (-70 mV)
OUT IN
At peak (+35 mV)

22. Depolarize or Hyperpolarize?
Membrane potential travels from -70 → -55
Depolarize
Membrane potential travels from -70 → 10
Membrane potential changes from -70 → -80
Hyperpolarize
Na+ enters cell Depolarize
Negative Cl- enters resting cell (-70) Hyperpolarize

23. EPSPs (generator potential)
What Phase?
EPSPs (generator potential)
Return to RMP
Rapid Depolarization
RMP
Repolarization
Threshold
Hyperpolarization
At this point, not looking for info about channels, just basically, is it depol, hyper, threshold, etc.

24. Na+/K+ pump working (Na+ out and K+ in) non-v-gated and v-gated Na+ IN
What channels are open? Which ions are moving? Which direction?
Na+/K+ pump working (Na+ out and K+ in)
non-v-gated and v-gated Na+ IN
K+ leak ↨
Na+ IN
K+ OUT
K+ OUT
At this point, not looking for info about channels, just basically, is it depol, hyper, threshold, etc.

25. The permeability (leaking) of which ion is proportional to the RMP
Which ion enters the cell, depolarizes the membrane and starts the AP
Na+
Which ion repolarizes the membrane by leaving the cell
Hyperpolarization is the function of which ion channels remaining open
What channel/pump maintains and reestablishes the RMP?
Na+/K+ pump

26. K+ leaks out across the membrane more easily than Na+ leaks in
The Na+/K+ pump trades 3 Na+ for 2 K+, does this really restore balance?
Yes, because the neuron does not stay at RMP for long, it will fire APs, and eventhough there is an efflux of K+ from the neuron, there is so much Na+ influx that a 3:2 by the pump restores the correct balance.

27. True or False
Ion distribution at resting in the axon is like that of the dendrites and soma TRUE
Electrical and chemical gradients act differently on ions in the axon than in the soma FALSE
K+ efflux follows Na+ influx as it proceeds down the axon. TRUE
Na+ starts entering the next site while K+ is hyperpolarizing the old site. TRUE

28. Myelination pushes the field of depolarization from Na+ entry further than it would go in an unmyelinated axon. TRUE
In saltatory conduction, the depolarization jumps over the outside of the myelin. FALSE
Na+ is already depolarizing the next node while K+ is beginning to efflux. TRUE
An AP starts out at full force and gets weaker as it travels down the axon. FALSE

29. Depolarization from Na+ is not localized, but also effects nearby membrane. What does it do there? What is the importance?
Depolarizes neighboring membrane to threshold so that it opens v-gated Na+ channels and fires AP next.
If you put an electrode into the middle of an axon and stimulate (depolarized it), the AP would go in what direction? Why? Both. There wouldn’t be any hyperpolarization from K+ efflux following it until after the AP is started by the electrode.
The hyperpolarization will follow it in both directions.

30. An AP is sent from the axon hillock.
Entry of which ion besides Na+ is important for release of vesicles containing neurotransmitter?
Calcium, Ca+
Name two ways in which EPSPs and IPSPs summate
Temporal and spatial
If there are enough EPSPs, what happens?
An AP is sent from the axon hillock.

31. EPSP or IPSP? GABA receptor lets Cl- into cell IPSP
Ach receptor lets Na+ into the cell EPSP
Ach receptor lets Ca+ into the cell EPSP
Glycine receptor lets Cl- into the cell IPSP
A different GABA receptor causes K+ to leave the cell IPSP

32. Be able to…
Determine which direction K+, Na+, and Cl- would travel at various membrane potentials (ex. -70, -55, 0, 30)
Describe which ions are moving and why at each stage of the AP
Predict change in AP profile under influence of neurotoxins (Ex. TTX that blocks v-gated Na+, a toxin that blocks K+ efflux)
Predict the effect of a neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic membrane, ie EPSP or IPSP (Ex. Ach → NA+ influx and GABA →Cl- influx)

33. 699 Research Our Guidance Office is spectacular
Psych >Undergrad >Research >link to research opportunities or ask a Prof
Gain experience before grad school or employment.
Great on resume!
Great letters of rec.
Honors thesis