1. Anatomy & Physiology 1 Pages 176-210

2. 1. Calat- = something inserted 2. Erg- = work 3. Hyper- = over, more 4. Inter- = between 5. Laten- = hidden 6. Myo- = muscle 7. Sarco- = flesh 8. Syn- = together 9. Tetan- = stiff 10. -troph = well fed

3.  All movements require muscles  Muscles  organs composed of specialized cells that use the chemical energy stored in nutrients to contract  Muscular actions also: Provide muscle tone Propel body fluids and food Generate the heartbeat Distribute heat

4.  Resistance (weight) training can increase the ratio of muscle to fat in our bodies  Benefits of weight training: Muscle burns calories 3x faster than fat = a lean body is more energetically efficient Weight-lifting increases muscle tone and bone density; lowers blood pressure; decreases the risk of developing arthritis, osteoporosis, and diabetes; improves self-esteem; lowers sick days

5.  Three types of muscles: Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

6.  Skeletal muscle = organ of skeletal system  Composed of skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and other connective tissue

7. 1. Fascia  layers of fibrous connective tissue that separate an individual skeletal muscle from adjacent muscles and hold it in position (fig. 8.1) a. Surrounds each muscle b. May project to form a tendon i.Fibers in tendon could intertwine with bone periosteum, attaching muscle to bone c. May form aponeuroses  broad fibrous sheets that attach to bone or coverings of adjacent muscles (figs. 8.17 & 8.19)

8. 2. Epimysium  layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle 3. Perimysium  layers of connective tissue that extend inward from the epimysium and separate the muscle tissue into small compartments 4. Fasicles  bundles of skeletal muscle fibers found in perimysium 5. Endomysium  thin covering found around each muscle fiber in a fasicle

9.  Layers of connective tissue enclose and separate all parts of a skeletal muscle This allows all parts to move independently  Many blood vessels and nerves pass through layers

11. 1. Skeletal muscle fiber  single cell that contracts in response to stimulation then relaxes when stimulation ends a. Each fiber is a thin, elongated cylinder with rounded ends b. Cell membrane = sarcolemma c. Cytoplasm = sarcoplasm; contains many small nuclei, mitochondria, & myofibrils

12. i. Myofibrils help with muscle contraction. They contain 2 filaments that produce the bands (striations): a. Myosin  thick b. Actin  thin ii. Sarcomeres  repeating pattern of units of muscle fibers

13. 2. Striation pattern has 2 parts: a. I bands  light bands composed of thin actin filaments directly attached to Z lines b. A bands  dark bands composed of thick myosin filaments overlapping thin actin filaments i. H zone  region of thick filaments ii. M line  thickening 3. Sarcomere extends from one Z line to the next (figs. 8.2 and 8.3)

14. 4. Sarcoplasmic reticulum  membranous network of channels and tubules of a muscle fiber 5. Transverse tubules (T tubules)  membranous channels that extend inward from a muscle fiber membrane *The sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules activate the muscle contraction mechanism when the fiber is stimulated