2. In Latin, “religio” means “something that binds.” For Romans, religion was a force that bound families together, bound subjects to their ruler and bound men to the gods. Most of the Roman gods and goddesses were a blend of several religious influences. Many were introduced via the Greek colonies of southern Italy. Many also had their roots in old religions of the Etruscans or Latin tribes.

3. Omens and Superstitions The Roman was by nature a very superstitious person. Emperors would tremble and even legions refuse to march if the omens were bad ones.

4. Divine blessing The objective of Roman worship was to gain the blessing of the gods and thereby gain prosperity for themselves, their families and communities.

5. Cult worship Roman religion involved cult worship. Approval from the gods did not depend on a person’s behavior, but on perfectly accurate observance of religious rituals. Each god needed an image – usually a statue or relief in stone or bronze – and an altar or temple at which to offer the prayers and sacrifices.cult worship

6. The Religion of the State Just as the wife was supposed to guard the hearth at home, then Rome had the Vestal Virgins guard the holy flame of Rome. The religion of state was in control of the pontifex maximus.

7. The High Offices of State Religion Rex sacrorum, the king of rites, was an office created under the early republic as a substitute for royal authority over religious matters. The flamines acted as priests to individual gods: three for the major gods Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, and twelve for the lesser ones.

8. The Vestal Virgins There were six vestal virgins. All were traditionally chosen from old patrician families at a young age. Their foremost duty was to guard the sacred fire in the temple. Punishment for vestal virgins was enormously harsh. If they let the flame go out, they would be whipped. And as they had to remain virgins, their punishment for breaking their vow of chastity was to be walled up alive underground.

9. Rise of Christianity The first century also saw the birth of a brand new religion. Although he was executed by Rome at an early age, Jesus would have a massive impact on the Roman Empire. After his death, his message of eternal life and hope was spread across the empire by missionaries such as Paul. And although Christians in Rome suffered appalling persecution at times, their ideas refused to die: instead, they would conquer Rome itself.JesusPaulChristians

10. Spreading the word Paul preached in some of the empire’s most important cities. Like Jesus, Paul spoke to people in their homes and synagogues. But he went beyond Jesus, who had only preached to Jews. Paul believed his message should also be taken to gentiles – the non-Jews.Jews

11. Relaxing the rules As the Christian movement began to accept non- Jewish members, it moved further away from the strict rules imposed on Jews. In so doing, it gradually became a new and separate religion.

12. Over time, the Christian church and faith grew more organized. In 313 AD, the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which accepted Christianity: 10 years later, it had become the official religion of the Roman Empire.

13. Spirituality and religion in Middle ages The Catholic Church was the only church in Europe during the Middle Ages. Church leaders such as bishops and archbishops sat on the king's council and played leading roles in government. Bishops, who were often wealthy and came from noble families, ruled over groups of parishes called "diocese." Parish priests, on the other hand, came from humbler backgrounds and often had little education.

14. Monks and Nuns Monasteries in the Middle Ages were based on the rules set down by St. Benedict in the sixth century. The monks took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to their leaders. They were required to perform manual labor and were forbidden to own property, leave the monastery, or become entangled in the concerns of society. Daily tasks were often carried out in silence. Monks and their female counterparts, nuns, who lived in convents, that were safe havens for pilgrims and other travelers.

15. Pilgrimages Pilgrimages were an important part of religious life in the Middle Ages. Many people took journeys to visit holy shrines such as the Church of St. James at Santiago de Compostela in Spain, the Canterbury cathedral in England, and sites in Jerusalem and Rome and in our area the srine of the Archangelus Michael.