1. Software Engineering Class design

2. Class design – ADT Abstract Data Types:  Why use ADT? Hidden implementation details Changes do not affect whole program More informative interfaces Easier to improve performance Programs easier to verify “Self-documenting” programs “Higher level programming”

3. Class design – ADT Abstract Data Types:  ADT = abstract (mathematical) model + operations defined on it  Class = ADT + inheritance + polymorphism

4. Class design – interfaces Abstraction Encapsulation

5. Class design – interfaces Abstraction:  Example of good abstraction (C++): class Student { public: Student(); Student( FullName name, String address, String studentID ); virtual ~Student(); FullName GetName() const; String GetAddress() const; String GetStudentID() const;... private:... };

6. Class design – interfaces Abstraction:  Example of bad abstraction (C++): class StudentList: public ListContainer { public:... void AddStudent(Student student); void RemoveStudent(Student student);... Student NextListItem(); Student FirstItem(); Student LastItem();... private:... }; Different levels of abstraction

7. Class design – interfaces Abstraction: guidelines to build good interfaces  Present a consistent level of abstraction in the class interface – each class should implement one and only one ADT Heuristic test for inheritance relations: is inheritance being used only for “is a” relationships? (Answer should be YES)

8. Class design – interfaces Abstraction: guidelines to build good interfaces  Be sure you understand what abstraction the class is implementing

9. Class design – interfaces Abstraction: guidelines to build good interfaces  Provide services in pairs with their opposites – add/remove, activate/deactivate, on/off,...

10. Class design – interfaces Abstraction: guidelines to build good interfaces  Move unrelated information to separate classes – if you have “isolated” data and routines within a class, they should form a separate class

11. Class design – interfaces Abstraction: guidelines to build good interfaces  Make interfaces programmatic rather than semantic whenever possible programmatic = compiler can check semantic = e.g. “RoutineA must be called before RoutineB”

12. Class design – interfaces Abstraction: guidelines to build good interfaces  Beware of “erosion” of the interface´s abstraction under modification

13. Class design – interfaces Abstraction: guidelines to build good interfaces  Do not add public members that are inconsistent with the interface abstraction

14. Class design – interfaces Abstraction: guidelines to build good interfaces  Abstraction and cohesion come together and are strongly correlated

15. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Minimise accessibility of classes and members - “private” is better than “protected”, and both are better than “public” goal is to preserve the integrity of the interface abstraction

16. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Do not expose member data in public float x; float y; float z; Bad design: data (and their representation) are exposed to external manipulation float GetX(); float GetY(); float GetZ(); void SetX(float x); void SetY(float y); void SetZ(float z); Good design: internal data (and how they are represented, and where they are stored, etc.) are protected from external manipulation

17. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Avoid putting private implementation details into a class interface

18. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Do not make ANY assumption about the class users

19. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Avoid “friend classes”

20. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Do not put a routine into the public interface just because it uses only public routines

21. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Give priority to read-time convenience over write-time convenience – code is read much more than written. When writing code, make it good to be read, even if it demands more work to be written

22. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Beware of semantic violations of encapsulation Some examples of semantic violations of encapsulation: Not calling Initialise(), because Operation() calls it Not calling Terminate(), because LastOperation() calls it Not calling Database.Connect(), because Retrieve() calls it Using MAX_ROWS instead of MAX_COLUMNS because you know that every table has same number of rows and columns

23. Class design – interfaces Encapsulation: guidelines to build good interfaces  Beware of tight coupling

24. Class design & implementation Containment (“has a”):  “has a” should be always implemented through containment  Sometimes, it may be necessary to implement “has a” through private inheritance. This should be considered bad practice, as it leads to tight coupling and violates encapsulation

25. Class design & implementation Containment (“has a”):  Be critical of classes that contain more than about seven data members SEVEN = heuristic magic number

26. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  For each member routine, will the routine be visible to derived classes? Will it have a default implementation? Will the default implementation be overridable?  For each data member, will the data member be visible to derived classes?

27. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Implement “is a” through public inheritance Be, however, rigorous about implementing through public inheritance strictly “is a” relationships

28. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Design and document for inheritance, or prohibit it C++: non-virtual Java: final etc.

29. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Liskov substitution principle: all the routines defined in the base class should mean the same thing when they are used in each of the derived classes

30. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Do not reuse names of non-overridable base-class routines in derived classes

31. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Move common interfaces, data and behaviour as high as possible in the inheritance tree

32. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Be suspicious of classes of which there is only one instance: should it be an object instead of a class?

33. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Be suspicious of classes of which there is only one derived class

34. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Be suspicious of classes that override a routine and do nothing inside the derived routine operation()... operation() // empty body operation()...

35. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Avoid deep inheritance trees – usually, more than three levels of inheritance suggest overly complex design

36. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Prefer polymorphism to extensive type checking  Make all data private, not protected

37. Class design & implementation Inheritance (“is a”):general considerations  Multiple inheritance can be powerful, but it also can make the program too complex. If possible, avoid it  Inheritance (in general) is very powerful, but should always be used with care, so as not to increase program complexity unnecessarily

38. Class design & implementation Member functions and data:  Keep the number of routines in a class as small as possible  Disallow implicitly generated member functions and operators you do not want  Minimise the number of different routines called by a class  Minimise indirect routine calls to other classes – such as rout1.Rout2().Rout3().Rout4()

39. Class design & implementation Member functions and data:  In general, minimise the extent to which a class collaborates with other classes – try to minimise:  Number of kinds of objects instantiated  Number of different direct routine calls on instantiated objects  Number of routine calls on objects returned by other instantiated objects

40. Why classes? Model real-world objects Model abstractions of real-world objects Reduce program complexity Isolate complexities Hide implementation details Limit effects of change

41. Why classes? (cont.) Streamline parameter passing Facilitate reusable code Plan for a family of programs Package related operations