1. Endodontics. Definition
Endodontics. Definition. Clinical and anatomical structure of teeth’ cavities and root canals of teeth. Endodontic instruments. Basic endodontic procedures: tooth cavity disclosure, amputation, extirpation of the pulp. Methods of medicament and instrumental treatment of root canals ("Step-Back", "Crown-down" techniques). Medications. Mistakes and complications in root canal treatment.
Lecturer: Levkiv Mariana
Department of Therapeutic Dentistry
TSMU

2. Endodontics it’s the science that study anatomy, pathology, and treatment of tooth cavity and root canals.
Under endodontic intervention it should be understand any interference with the purpose of treatment, carried out through the cavity of the tooth.
Under root canal treatment should be understand odonto-surgical intervention inside the tooth in order of its preservation with the subsequent restoration of its form and function with the help of therapeutic or prosthetic methods.

3. Anatomy of tooth cavity
Parts of a pulp cavity.
The pulp cavity of this mandibular second molar is made up of a coronal pulp chamber with pulp horns and two root (pulp) canals.

4. Anatomy of root canal

5. Anatomy of apical part of the root
anatomical apical hole (apical foramen) - a place of transition the dentin into cement;
physiological hole (apical constriction) - the border between pulp and periodontium, placed 1 mm away from the X-ray hole;
X-ray hole.

6. Topographical and anatomical features of teeth cavities of different group of teeth.
Access preparations into pulp chambers showing orifices to canals. Ideally shaped openings provide access into the pulp chamber for endodontic treatment. Pulp canal orifices on the floor of each pulp chamber correspond with the number and location of pulp canals in each tooth.

7. Anterior - Triangular

8. Canines - ovoid

9. Premolar - Round

10. Molar - Rhomboid

12. Endodontic instruments
According to ISO endodontic instruments are classified:
Hand instruments: files(K and H), barbed broaches, spreader and plugger (vertical and lateral gutta percha condensors ).
Rotary instruments: H-files and K-reamers for slow handpiece, lentulo spiral filler/rotary paste filler.
Pins: gutta percha pins, silver
Rotary instruments: Gates Glidden drills, Peeso reamer drills.

13. Curson’s classification is as follows:
But its more convenient to use classification by Curson(1996) that is based on clinical usage of endodontic instruments.
Curson’s classification is as follows:
- diagnostic instruments: root needles(Miller needles)
- instruments for removing the soft teeth’ tissues: barbed broaches
- instruments for passing, enlargement and shaping the root canals : (K-reamers, K- files, H-files)

14. The main endodontic instruments and their use Barbed broaches
Functions and precautions
• Finger instruments
• Disposed of in the sharps’ container
•Used to remove the intact pulp
• ‘Barbs’ on the broach snag the pulp
to facilitate removal
• They need to be used cautiously as
they can bind and break in the canal
Varieties
Available in different sizes and widths

15. Gates Glidden drills Function, features and precautions
•To enlarge the coronal third of the canal during endodontic treatment
• Small flame-shaped cutting instrument used in the
conventional handpiece
• Different sizes – coded by rings or coloured
bands on shank
•Are slightly flexible and will follow the canal
shape but can perforate the canal if used too deeply
• Dispose of in sharps’ container
• Should be used only in the straight sections of
the canal

16. Peeso reamer drills Function, features and precautions
•To remove gutta percha during post preparation
• Small flame-shaped cutting instrument used in the conventional handpiece
• Different sizes – coded by rings or coloured
bands on shank
• Peeso reamers are not flexible or adaptable,
if not used with care can perforate canal
• Dispose of in sharps’ container

17. NiTi (Nickel titanium) rotary instruments
Function, features and directions for use
• Used to clean and shape the canals
• Used with endodontic handpiece and motor
• NiTi is flexible and instruments follow the
canal outline very well
• Several varieties of systems with different
sequences of instruments are used
• Important to follow the manufacturer’s
recommended speeds and instructions for use
Varieties
Different lengths: 21mm and 25mm

18. The main types of file available are:
Reamers Rarely used or indicated. Disadvantages of reamers include their inflexibility with ⇑ size, which can result in a wider canal being cut apically. Have now been replaced by files.
Files These are used either with a longitudinal rasping or a rotary action (e.g. clockwise direction).
The main types of file available are:
K-type-file. Made by twisting a square metal blank.
K-flex file. Similar to K-file but made by twisting a rhomboid shape blank alternating blades with acute and obtuse angles. More flexible than K-file but becomes blunt more quickly.
Hedstroem file.
A. K - style file.
B. K - style reamer.
C. K - flex file.

19. Hedstroem file. Made by machining a continuous groove into a metal blank. More aggressive than K-file. Must never be used with a rotary action as liable to fracture.

20. Endodontic K files. Also called: Root canal hand files
Function, features and precaution
• Finger instrument
• Colour coded by size. The 6 colours used most often are: size 15 (white); 20 (yellow); 25 (red); 30 (blue); 35 (green); 40 (black). Also available in size 6 (pink), 8 (grey) and 10 (purple)
• Operator gradually increases the size of the
file to smooth, shape and enlarge canal
• The larger the number of the file, the larger
the diameter of the working end
• Disposed of in the sharps’ container
Varieties
• Different lengths: 21mm, 25mm and 30mm

21. Lentulo spiral filler/rotary paste filler
Function and features
• Small flexible instrument used to place materials into the canal
• Fits into the conventional handpiece
• Use with caution as it can be easily broken
• Different sizes available

22. Geometric symbols of endodontic instruments

23. Tooth cavity disclosure Pulpectomy (extirpation)
Common terms and expressions used in endodontics
Tooth cavity disclosure
Pulpotomy (amputation)
Pulpectomy (extirpation)

24. The main purpose of root canal treatment is:
removal of pulp;
removal of infected dentine from the inner wall of the root canal;
enlargement and shaping a root canal for its adequate filling.
The procedure of root canal treatment has such stages:
- disclosure of the tooth cavity;
- disclosure of the root canal orifices;
- the root canal passing;
- the root canal enlargement;
- the root canal shaping.

25. Manipulations of root canal treatment (RCT) are carried out manually or with the help of rotary instruments by several treatment methods, the most widespread among them are:
apical-crown - envisage treatment from the apical hole to canal orifices with gradually increasing of instrument diameter( e.g. from №10 -№ 40)
crown-apical - envisage root canal
treatment that starts from canal orifices
to apical hole with a gradual decrease
in instrument diameter(e.g. from №40 –
№ 10)
hybrid method of treatment - have been
developed out of the two methods.

26. Step-back technique The apical part of the root canal is prepared first and the canal is then flared from apex to crown. Blockage of canals may occur using this technique, and irrigation can be difficult.

27. Crown-down technique This (along with several others) prepares the coronal part of the canal before the apical part. This has advantages and is the preferred technique.

28. Balanced force technique This involves using blunt-tipped files with an anticlockwise rotation whilst applying an apically directed force. It requires practise to master but is particularly useful when preparing the apical part of severely curved canals.
(A) In the balanced force technique the file is placed to working length and rotated clockwise 90 degree with light pressure to engage dentin.
(B) The file is then rotated counterclockwise 120 degree while apical pressure is maintained to cut and enlarge the canal. Debris is removed with a final clockwise rotation that loads the flutes with loosened debris.

29. Anticurvature filing

30. Advantages of orifice enlargement
• Effectively, ⇓ the curvature in the coronal part of the root canal, allowing straighter access for files to the apical region. It therefore reduces the likelihood of apical transportation (zipping).
• It allows improved access for the flow
of irrigant solution within the canal.
• It reduces the likelihood of apical extrusion
of infected material as most of the canal
debris is removed before apical instrumentation
takes place. This is particularly important
because the majority of bacteria in an infected
root canal are located in the coronal region.

31. Drugs for chemical enlargement of root canals
Type of active ingredient
The product, the manufacturing company
A solution of EDTA
Largal ultra (“Septodont”)
Edetat solution (“Pierre Roland”)
Endofree (“Dencare”)
A solution of citric acid and propionic acid
Verifix (“Spad”)
Gels based on EDTA
Canal+ (“Septodont”)
HPU15 (“Spad”)
RC-prep (“Premier”)
Канал Глайд («Радуга-Р»)

32. Root canal treatment should include thorough mechanical debridement and medicatment treatment as well (antiseptic solutions), these two procedures should go together. Irrigants. Dilute sodium hypochlorite is generally considered to be the best irrigant as it is bacteriocidal and dissolves organic debris.

33. Prepared root canal for sealing, regardless of the method of instrumental treatment, must fulfill the following criteria as follows:
To be sufficiently enlarged;
To have a conical shape (tapered);
To have formed apical ledge;
Do not contain a necrotic dentine;
Do not have typical smell;
To be clean and dry;
Do not have a painful reaction to percussion.

34. Common errors in canal preparation
Lateral perforation
Incomplete debridement
Ledge formation
Apical transportation
Apical perforation
Elbow formation
Strip perforation

35. The stiff instrument tends to straighten within the curved root canal (1), causing ledge formation (2), zipping (3) or perforation (4).

36. Thank you for attention!