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Naveed Habib Khan Mechanical Department 6th August 2009
WELDING Naveed Habib Khan Mechanical Department 6th August 2009
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Contents Welding Basics Types of Weld Joints Welding Positions
Welding Types Welding Processes Welding Symbols Welding Safety
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What is Fabrication / Welding?
“Metal Fabrication is the forming of metal, usually steel plate, into various forms either by welding or other forms of metal joining processes Welding “A fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals by causing coalescence” Coalescence means “Fusion”
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Welding Terms Weldments Weld puddle Slag Weld Bead Backing Tack Weld
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
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Parts of a Weld Joint and Weld Heat Affected Zone 5 5
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Fillet Weld Fillet welds should: Have a flat to slightly convex face
Be uniform in appearance Have equal leg size 6 6
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Types of Weld Joints There are 5 types of joints … B – Butt Joint
L – Lap Joint T – Tee Joint E – Edge Joint C – Corner Joint 7 7
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Fillet and Groove Welds
Groove and fillet welds can be made on many types of joints 8 8
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Types of Joints 9 9
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WELDED JOINT CATEGORY ASME Code defines welded joints by category.
The term “Category” defines the location of a joint in a vessel. The joints included in each category are designated as joints of Categories A, B, C, and D. The “Categories” established by UW-3 are for use in specifying special requirements (based on Service, Material, and Thickness) regarding joint type and degree of inspection for certain welded pressure joints. Weld joint efficiency “E” It is a measure of weld quality and accounts for stress concentrations. E is needed in component thickness calculations
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Figure illustrates typical joint locations included in each category.
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Category A: Longitudinal welded joints within the main shell or nozzles; any welded joint within a formed or flat head; circumferential welded joints connecting hemispherical heads to main shells, to transitions in diameters. Category B: Circumferential welded joints within the main shell, nozzles, or transitions in diameter; circumferential welded joints connecting formed heads other than hemispherical to main shells, to transitions in diameter. Category C: Welded joints connecting flanges, tubesheets, or flat heads to main shell, to formed heads, to transitions in diameter, to nozzles. Category D: Welded joints connecting nozzles to main shells, to spheres, to transitions in diameter, to heads.
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Weld joint efficiency vs
Weld joint efficiency vs. Joint Type, Category & Radiographic Examination
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Welding Positions There are various positions that a weld can be made in: 14 14
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Fill Pass Cover Pass Root Pass Hot Pass Weld Passes
Hot pass - one or two beads. But keep it open. If we did end up with a tight area, it would be best to open up the area with a grinder and repair it before moving to the next pass.
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ENERGY BEAM
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Welding Process Arc Welding
“Arc welding process use electric power supply to create & maintain an electric arc b/w an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point”.
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How an arc is formed? The arc is like a flame of intense heat that is generated as the electrical current passes through a highly resistant air gap.
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The Arc Welding Circuit
The electricity flows from the power source, through the electrode and across the arc, through the base material to the work lead and back to the power source 19 19
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Basic Steps of Arc Welding
Choose the right welding process Preparation of Welding Prepare the base materials: remove scale, rust, oil, grease and any foreign material Qualified Welders Welding Procedure Tack Welds Choose the right filler material Pre-heating Connections Welding & Removal of Temporary Attachment Assess and comply with safety requirements Use proper welding techniques and be sure to protect the molten puddle from contaminants in the air Inspect the weld 20 20
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Factors Affecting the Welding
Welding Procedure Thickness Electrode extension Angle of bevel Travel speed Cleanliness Type of joint Polarity, Current & Voltage Root Opening distance Welding Position
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Types of Arc Welding Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW)
Shielded Metal - Arc Welding (SMAW) Gas Metal - Arc Welding (GMAW) Gas Tungsten - Arc Welding (GTAW) Submerged - Arc Welding (SAW) Plasma - Arc Welding (PAW) Flux Cored - Arc Welding (FCAW) GAS WELDING Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW)
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Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
Also called Tungsten inert gas (TIG) This uses a similar inert gas shield to MIG, but the tungsten electrode is not consumed. Filler metal is provided from a separate rod fed automatically into the molten pool
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Equipment for GTAW Welding
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Type of Current & polarity
Direct Current Direct current straight polarity (DCSP) Direct current reverse polarity (DCRP) Alternating Current Type of Power Source Generator Transformer
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Tungsten Electrode Non consumable Melting point = 6170°F
Tungsten Alloys : Thoria, Zirconia, Ceria, Lanthana or a combination of oxides. Length = 3 to 24 inches Diameter = .01 to .25inches Extension & Shape
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GTAW Shielding Gases Argon, Helium or mixture of Gases
Inert gases don't form compound with other elements. These gases protect the tungsten electrode and weld metal from contamination.
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Properties Of Inert Gases
Properties of Argon Properties of Helium Argon is a heavy gas that is obtained from the atmosphere by the liquification of air Helium is a light gas that is obtained by separation from natural gas May be used as a compressed gas Quieter & smoother arc action Deeper penetration Lower cost Expensive Suitable gas for GTAW Gives a smaller heat affected zone Better for thin metals Better for thicker metals Good cleaning action Lower flow rates are required Higher flow rates are required Better for welding dissimilar metals More availability Less available Better for welding at higher speeds Argon - helium mixture are used when better control of argon and the deeper penetration of helium are needed. (75% helium, 25% Argon)
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Filler Metals Selection of Filler metal depends upon chemical composition of base metal. To increase the tensile strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Filler metal is kept in “HOT OVENS” for preheating for smooth operation. Classification of Filler metals in AWS Stainless steel A5.9 Carbon steels A5.18 Low alloy steel A5.28 Deposition Rate E R 70 1 8 A1 Allow Constituent of Filler Current Condition Position of Welding ( ) Tensile Strength in Ksi Type of Covering (usually for GTAW only) Electrode
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Cost of GTAW Labor (20% to 40%) Overhead cost (Major Cost)
Filler metal cost Shielded gas cost Electric power cost (Minor cost) Tungsten Electrode cost (4%of Shielding gas cost) Welding Torch
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Advantages High Quality Weld No Flux or Slag
Used for both Ferrous & Non-Ferrous metals No Smokes or Fumes Welding can be done in all position Filler metal is not always required The arc & weld pool is clearly visible to the welder For many application, it is the best method Excellent for welding thin metals and pipeline welding
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Limitations Welding speed is slow Electrode is easily contaminated
Not efficient for welding thick sections Thickness should not exceed ¾”. Lower filler metal deposition rate Not Economical Hand eye co-ordination skill is required Highly skilled labor needed for this process
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Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
This is the most commonly used technique. There is a wide choice of electrodes, metal and fluxes, allowing application to different welding conditions. The gas shield is evolved from the flux, preventing oxidation of the molten metal pool. Also referred to as “Stick Welding” Used for everything from pipeline welding, farm repair and complex fabrication. Uses a “stick” shaped electrode. Can weld: steel, cast iron, stainless steel, etc.
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Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
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Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Electrode metal is fused directly into the molten pool. The electrode is, therefore, consumed rapidly, being fed from a motorized reel down the centre of the welding torch Also referred to as “MIG” welding Uses a shield gas and a continuous wire electrode Used for all types of fabricatio Great for thin metals up to ¼” Excellent speed of deposition Used for metals such as: steel, aluminum and stainless steel.
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Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
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MIG Welding Benefits Higher deposition rates than SMAW
All position capability Less operator skill required Long welds can be made without starts and stops Minimal post weld cleaning is required
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Submerged arc welding (SAW)
Instead of using shielding gas, the arc and weld zone are completely submerged under a blanket of granulated flux. A continuous wire electrode is fed into the weld. This is a common process for welding
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Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW)
This is similar to the MIG process, but uses a continuous hollow electrode filled with flux, which produces the shielding gas. The advantage of the technique is that it can be used for outdoor welding, as the gas shield is less susceptible to draughts.
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Plasma - Arc Welding (PAW)
Plasma welding is similar to the TIG process. A needle-like plasma arc is formed through an orifice and fuses the base metal. Shielding gas is used. Plasma welding is most suited to high-quality and precision welding applications.
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Oxygen/ Fuel Welding Utilizes oxygen and a fuel gas to heat metal until it is in a molten state and fuse multiple pieces of metal together. Can be used with or without a filler rod. Great for brazing dissimilar metals together. Older technology that can be replaced by GTAW
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Welding Symbols Welding symbols contain information about the weld to be made SECTION OVERVIEW: The next slides are intended to help students learn about welding symbols TEACHER NOTES: Slides 44-46: These slides show some examples of actual welding symbols which can help students more easily grasp the concepts discussed. For more information on welding symbols, see “How to Read Shop Drawings” available for purchase from the James F. Lincoln Foundation ( To order free posters on the parts of a weld, types of joints, positions and welding symbols go to (Winter 2006) 42 42
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Welding symbols give the welder specific instructions about the weld including:
Placement, Size, Length, Process Any other special notes Welding symbols are Universally used Governed by the AWS Found on engineering drawings 43 43
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Reference Line Reference Line (Required element) Always Horizontal
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Arrow Line Reference Line (Required element) Arrow
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Tail Reference Line (Required element) Arrow Tail
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Arrow Tail Reference Line must always be horizontal,
Arrow points to the line or lines on drawing which clearly identify the proposed joint or weld area. Reference Line (Required element) Arrow Tail The tail of the welding symbol is used to indicate the welding or cutting processes, as well as the welding specification, procedures, or the supplementary information to be used in making the weld.
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Basic components of a WELDING SYMBOL
Reference Line must always be horizontal, Arrow points to the line or lines on drawing which clearly identify the proposed joint or weld area. Basic components of a WELDING SYMBOL Arrow connects reference line to arrow side member of joint or arrow side of joint Reference Line (Required element) Arrow Tail omitted when reference not used Tail The tail of the welding symbol is used to indicate the welding or cutting processes, as well as the welding specification, procedures, or the supplementary information to be used in making the weld.
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All the way Around A circle at the tangent of the arrow and the reference line means welding to be all around.
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Field Weld Symbol A flag at the tangent of the reference line and arrow means Field Weld.
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Weld Symbol Terminology
OTHER SIDE ARROW SIDE
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Break in arrow means arrow side must be side that beveling or other preparation required.
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Fillet Weld (Arrow Side Only)
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Fillet Weld (Other Side)
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Size of Fillet Weld 1/4 1/4
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Example of Double Bevel Groove weld
Depth of preparation or groove 1/4 (5/16) 1/4 (5/16) Depth of penetration
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Plug or Slot Weld Symbol
Arrow Side
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Single-Bevel-Groove and Double Fillet Weld Symbol
5/16 5/16
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Single-Bevel-Groove and Double Fillet weld Symbols
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Chain Intermittent Fillet Weld
Weld both sides each end and 10 inches center to center in between 1/4 2-10 10 in 1/4 2-10
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Staggered Intermittent Fillet Weld
Weld ends than 10 inch centers staggered each side 1/4 2-10 1/4 2-10 10 in 10 in
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Standard Weld Symbols As per AWS 2.4-1998
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Some common symbol List published by AWS
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Back Purging Back Purging Procedure
Used to protect the electrode and the molten weld metal from atmospheric contamination Protect the underside of the weld & its adjacent base metal surfaces from oxidation during Welding Application : All e.g.: Pipe Fabrication Gas Backing : for minimum of the first two passes Minimum purge time before welding, flow rate and venting, etc Shielding Gas type (Argon, He or mixture of 2-Inert Gases for shielding) .
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Occupational Opportunities in Welding
Welders Tack Welders Welding Helper Welding Operators Welder Assemblers/ Welder fitters Welding Inspection Welding Shop Supervisor Welding Engineers
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Arc Welding Safety Fumes and Gases Electric Shock Arc Rays
Protect yourself and others from potential hazards including: Fumes and Gases Electric Shock Arc Rays Fire and Explosion Hazards Noise Hot objects 66 66
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REFERENCES Technical Guide for GTAW by Hobart Institute
American Welding Society (AWS) ASME Section II- Part C : Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals ASME Section VIII – Div.1: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels ASME Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications for personnel and procedures
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Questions?
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Thank You
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