1. Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

2. In this chapter you will
Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body.
Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities.
Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.

3. In this chapter you will
Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body.
Identify meanings for new word elements and use them to understand new medical terms.

4. Structural Organization of the Body Major Parts of a Cell (p. 32)
The Cell
Fundamental unit of all living things
Found everywhere in the human body
1. Cell Membrane
surrounds and protects the cell
regulates what passes into and out of the cell
2. Nucleus
the control center of the cell
determines the structure and function of the cell
3. Chromosomes
rod-like structures within the nucleus
this is where genes are located
Genes are composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA regulates the activities of the cell
4. Cytoplasm
all the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane
The cytoplasm contains:
4a. Mitochondria
small sausage shaped bodies that produce energy for the cell
power house of the cell
4b. Endoplasmic reticulum
a network of canals within the cell
where proteins are manufactured for use in the cell

6. Types of Cells (p. 36) Muscle cell Nerve cell Epithelial cell Fat cell
Cells are specialized throughout the body to carry out their individual functions.
For example:
A. Muscle cell
Long and slender
contain fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing
B. Nerve cell
Long with
various fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impulses
C. Epithelial cell
skin cell
Flat and square
provides protection
D. Fat cell
contains large empty spaces for fat storage
These are just a few of the many different types of cells in the body
Epithelial cell
Fat cell

7. Tissues A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job
Epithelial tissue – all tissues that cover the outside of the body and line the inner surfaces of internal organs.
Muscle Tissue
Connective tissue – fat, cartilage, bone, blood.
Nerve tissue
Epithelial tissue
Located all over the body
Forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin
Muscle Tissue
Voluntary muscle found in the arms and legs and other parts of the body that are under conscious control
Involuntary muscle is found in the digestive system and other organs that are not under conscious control
Connective tissue
Examples: fat, cartilage, bone, blood
Nerve tissue
Conducts impulses all over the body

9. Organs Structures composed of several kinds of tissue Heart Stomach
Viscera: internal organs

10. Systems Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
Cardiovascular System
Digestive System

11. 1. Cranial Cavity – page 39
Brain
Pituitary gland
Cranial
Cavity

12. 2. Thoracic Cavity – page 39 Pleural Cavity Lungs Mediastinum Heart
Esophagus
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Thymus gland
Aorta
Thoracic
Cavity

13. Diaphragm
separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

14. 3. Abdominal Cavity – page 39
Stomach
Small and large intestines
Spleen
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Abdominal
Cavity

15. 4. Pelvic Cavity – page 39 Portions of the small and large intestines
Rectum
Organs of the urinary system
Organs of the reproductive system
Pelvic
Cavity

16. 5. Spinal Cavity – page 39
Nerves of the spinal cord
Spinal
Cavity

17. Dorsal (posterior) Cavities
Cavities in the back of the body
Cranial
Spinal

18. Ventral (anterior) Cavities
Cavities in the front of the body
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic

19. Abdominopelvic Regions (p. 44)
R&L Hypochondriac
Epigastric
R&L Lumbar
Umbilical
R&L Inguinal
Hyopgastric
Doctors divide the abdominopelvic area into nine regions
Hypochondriac regions
Two upper right and left regions below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
Epigastric Region
Region above the stomach
Lumbar Region
Two middle right and left regions near the waist
Umbilical Region
Region of the umbilicus or navel
Inguinal Region
Two lower right and left regions near the groin
Hyopgastric Region
Lower middle region below the umbilical region

20. Abdominopelvic Quadrants (p. 45)
Right Upper
Gallbaldder
Liver
Right lobe
Parts of
Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines

21. Abdominopelvic Quadrants (p. 45)
Left Upper
Stomach
Liver
Left lobe
Parts of
Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines

22. Abdominopelvic Quadrants (p. 45)
Right Lower
R ovary
R fallopian tube
Appendix
R ureter
Parts of
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

23. Abdominopelvic Quadrants (p. 45)
Left Lower
L ovary
L fallopian tube
L ureter
Parts of
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

24. Divisions of the back and spinal column (p. 46)
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
1. Cervical
Neck region
there are 7 cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7)
2. Thoracic
Chest region
there are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 – T12)
Each vertebrae is joined to a rib
3. Lumbar
Lower back
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1 – L5)
4. Sacral
5 bones (S1 – S5) that are fused to form one bone (sacrum)
5. Coccygeal
Tailbone
small bone composed of 4 fused pieces
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (4)

25. Positional and Directional Terms (p. 48)
Deep: Away from the surface
Example: The stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen
Superficial: On the surface
Example: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin
Proximal: Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
Example: The proximal end of the upper arm bone joins with the shoulder bone
Distal: Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
Example: At its distal end, the humerus joins with the lower arm bones at the elbow
Inferior: Below another structure
Example: The feet are at the inferior part of the body, they are inferior to the knees
Caudal: pertaining to the tail mans inferior
Superior: Above another structure
Example: the head is superior to the neck of the body
Cephalic: pertaining to the head means superior
Medial: pertaining to the middle
Example: The fifth finger is medial to the other fingers
Lateral to the side:
Example: The thumb is lateral to the other fingers
Anterior: Front side of the body
Example: the forehead is on the anterior side of the body
Posterior: The back side of the body
Example: The back of the head is posterior to the face

26. Planes of the Body (p )

27. Planes of the Body (p. 48-49) 1. Frontal (coronal) Plane
Vertical plane
Divides the body into
anterior
posterior
Frontal
(Coronal)
Plane

28. 2. Sagittal (lateral) Plane
Vertical plane
Divides the body or structure into
right side
left side
Sagittal
(Lateral)
Plane

29. 3. Transverse (cross-sectional) Plane
Horizontal plane
Divides the body or structure into
upper half
lower half
Transverse
(cross-sectional)
Plane

30. Chapter 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
Pages 50-53

31. abdominal
abdomin/o: abdomen
-al
Pertaining to the abdomen

32. adipose
adip/o: fat
-ose: pertaining to
Pertaining to fat

33. anterior
anter/o: front
-ior: pertaining to
Pertaining to the front

34. anabolism ana-: up bol/o: to cast (throw) -ism: process
Process of casting up
The building-up or synthesizing process in a cell.

35. cervical
cervic/o: neck
-al
Pertaining to the neck

36. chondroma
chondr/o: cartilage
-oma
Tumor of cartilage
Benign

37. chondrosarcoma chondr/o Sarc/o: flesh -oma Flesh tumor of cartilage
Malignant

38. chromosomes chrom/o: color -some: body Color bodies
They absorb the color of dyes used to stain the cell
Contain genetic material
Located in the nucleus

39. coccygeal
coccyg/o: coccyx
-al
Pertaining to the Coccyx (tailbone)

40. craniotomy
crani/o: skull
-tomy
Incision of the skull

41. cytoplasm
cyt/o
-plasm: formation
Formation (contents) of the cell

42. distal dist/o: far, distant -al Pertaining to far
From the beginning of a structure

43. dorsal
dors/o: back
-al
Pertaining to the back

44. histology
hist/o: tissue
-logy
Study of tissues

45. iliac
ili/o: ilium
-ac
Pertaining to the ilium, part of the pelvic bone.

46. inguinal
inguin/o: groin
-al
Pertaining to the groin

47. karyotype kary/o: nucleus -type: classification, picture
Picture or classification of the nucleus
And its chromosomes

48. lateral
later/o: side
-al
Pertaining to the side

49. lumbosacral lumb/o: lower back sacr/o: sacrum -al
Pertaining to the lower back and sacrum

50. medial
medi/o: middle
-al
Pertaining to the middle

51. nucleic
nucle/o: nucleus
-ic
Pertaining to the nucleus

52. pelvic pelv/o: hip, pelvic cavity -ic
Pertaining to the hip or pelvic cavity

53. posterior
poster/o: back
-ior
Pertaining to the back

54. proximal
proxim/o: near
-al
Pertaining to near
A structure

55. sacral
sacr/o: sacrum
-al
Pertaining to the sacrum

56. sarcoma
sarc/o
-oma
Tumor of flesh
malignant

57. spinal
spin/o: spine
-al
Pertaining to the spine

58. epithelial cell epi- thel/o: nipple -al Pertaining to upon a nipple
Skin cell

59. thoracic
thorac/o: chest
-ic
Pertaining to the chest

60. thoracotomy
thorac/o
-tomy
Incision of the chest.

61. tracheal
trache/o: trachea
-al
Pertaining to the trachea

62. umbilical
umbilic/o: navel
-al
Pertaining to the navel

63. ventral ventr/o: belly side of the body -al
Pertaining to the belly side of the body

64. vertebral
vertebr/o: vertebrae
-al
Pertaining to vertebrae

65. visceral
viscer/o: internal organs
-al
Pertaining to internal organs

66. anabolic ana- bol/o -ic Pertaining to casting up
building up substances (proteins) in the cell

67. catabolism cata-: down bol/o -ism Process of casting down
breaking down material in the cell to release energy
Mitichondria

68. epigastric
epi-
gastr/o
-ic
Pertaining to above the stomach

69. hypochondriac regions
chondr/o
-iac
Pertaining to below (rib) cartilages

70. intervertebral inter-: between vertebr/o -al
Pertaining to between the vertebrae

71. metabolism meta-: change bol/o -ism Process of casting change
Anabolism and catabolism