1. Basics in Medical Literature Searching By: MJ Zare

2. List of databases http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_d atabases_and_search_engines Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com2

3. Medical litretures Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com3

4. Search formulation Dissecting the question into its component parts and restructuring it so that it is easy to find the answers is an essential first step in Evidence Based Medicine. Many questions can be divided into 4 parts: P I C O T Example Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com4

5. Search formulation Not all research questions are about interventions. Other types of questions may arise: What causes the problem? AETIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS What is the frequency of the problem? FREQUENCY Does this person have the problem? DIAGNOSIS Who will get the problem? PROGNOSIS, PREDICTION Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com5

6. Example: A 28-year-old male presents with recurrent furunculosis (skin boils) for past 8 months; these episodes have been treated with drainage and several courses of antibiotics but keep recurring. He asks if recurrences can be prevented. To convert this to an answerable question, use the P I C O method as follows : Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com6

7. Example: Question:‘In patients with recurrent furunculosis, do prophylactic antibiotics, compared to no treatment, reduce the recurrence rate?’ Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com7

8. Example: George wants to discuss the possibility of a vasectomy. He says he has heard something about vasectomy causing an increase in testicular cancer later in life. You know that the risk of this is low but want to give him a more precise answer. Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com8

9. Example: Question:‘In men, does having a vasectomy (compared to not having one) increase the risk of getting testicular cancer in the future?’ Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com9

10. Example: Mabel is a 6-week-old baby at her routine follow-up. She was born prematurely at 35 weeks. You want to tell the parents about her chances of developing hearing problems. Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com10

11. Example: Question:‘In infants born prematurely, compared to those born at full term, what is the subsequent lifetime prevalence of sensory deafness?' Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com11

12. Example: Julie is pregnant for the second time. She had her first baby when she was 33 and had amniocentesis to find out if the baby had Down's Syndrome. The test was negative but it was not a good experience as she did not get the result until she was 18 weeks pregnant. She is now 35, one month pregnant and asks if she can have a test that would give her an earlier result. The local hospital offers serum biochemistry plus nuchal translucency ultrasound as a first trimester test for Down's Syndrome. You wonder if this is as reliable as conventional amniocentesis. Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com12

13. Example: Question:‘For pregnant women, is nuchal translucency ultrasound plus serum biochemistry testing in the first trimester as accurate (ie with equal or better sensitivity and specificity) as conventional amniocentesis for diagnosing Down's Syndrome?’ Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com13

14. Example: Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com14

15. Example: Mary is a mother who is concerned about her 3-year-old. He has a fever. After you have examined him you conclude that he has a viral infection. Mary asks ‘But what if he has a fever again during the night?’ You want to understand her concerns so that you can reassure her. Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com15

16. Example: Question:For mothers of children with a fever, what are the principal concerns? Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com16

17. Example: Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com17

18. Example: Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com18

19. Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com/ Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com19

20. Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com/ Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com20

21. PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com21

22. Scopus Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com22

23. Web of Science Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com23

24. یافتن ژورنال های ISI Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com24

25. Cochrane Library Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com25

26. Cochrane Library The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) The Database of Abstracts and Reviews of Effectiveness [DARE] The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL] NHS Economic Evaluations Database [NHS EED] Health Technology Assessment Database [HTA] The Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews (CDMR) The Cochrane Methodology Register (CMR) Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com26

27. Directory of Open Access Journals Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com27

28. OpenSIGLE http://www.opengrey.eu/search/ Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com28

29. arXiv Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com29

30. Biological Abstracts Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com30

31. CAB Abstracts Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com31

32. CINAHL: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com32

33. CHBD: Circumpolar Health Bibliographic Database Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com33

34. EMBASE Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com34

35. Global Health Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com35

36. GoPubMed Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com36

37. HubMed Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com37

38. IEEE Xplore Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com38

39. Index Copernicus Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com39

40. IngentaConnect Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com40 Dr. M.J. Zare Department of Occupational Health mjzs63@gmail.com40

41. JournalSeek

42. JSTOR: Journal Storage

43. MedlinePlus

44. POPLINE

45. PsycINFO

46. ScienceDirect

47. Scirus

48. SpringerLink

49. Web of Knowledge