1. Usage Statistics & Information Behaviors: Understanding User Behavior with Quantitative Indicators John McDonald Assistant Director for User Services & Technology Innovation The Libraries of the Claremont Colleges November 2, 2007 NISO Usage Data Forum

2. Correlation: Boba Fett and Ladybugs

3. We have the data, now what do we do? What we have done: Cancel journals Inform purchase decisions What we should do: Understand usage behaviors Guide our decision making processes Understand our impact on our patrons

4. Information Usage Behaviors Starting Browsing Accessing Chaining Differentiating Extracting Ellis (1993), Ellis & Haugan (1997) & Meho & Tibbo (2003), McDonald (2007) Verifying Networking Monitoring Managing Manipulating Teaching Ending

5. Accessing Managing & Ending Chaining & Differentiating Accessing & Browsing How Do We Observe & Measure these Behaviors?

6. How do we observe & measure? Pose a Question How will a new service affect our users? Develop a Theory Explain what you think happened. Test the Theory Develop metrics, collect data, analyze.

7. Example 1: Starting & Accessing Question: How will a new service affect our users? Theory: If we improve the user’s ability to identify relevant material (starting) and retrieve it (accessing), we either save them time or effort and allow them to access more material. Test: There will be a significant increase in the usage of material.

8. Starting & Accessing: Use Before & After OpenURL *significant at.05 level **significant at.01 level Publisher Use 2000 Publisher Use 2001 Publisher Use 2002 Wilcoxon Signed- rank Test Subjects JournalsMeanSDMeanSDMeanSDzP>z Astronomy 1 3470813014080 0.32 Biology 104 638162584720799572351-5.880.00** Chemistry 42 138832481553388925427294-4.850.00** Comp. Sci. 14 197429224490175239-1.63 0.10 Engineering 20 92200164310174312-2.410.02* Gen. Sci. 3 162431557120938203452655326506-1.39 0.17 Geology 22 4618344143144374-3.100.00** Mathematics 29 5915580153121182-3.680.00** Physics 28 1983131081210715262933-4.000.00** Total 2637012730975352713014953 -10.390.00**

9. Example 2: Differentiating Question: Do our choices affect our users ability to differentiate between resources? Theory: If we group resources together, we allow users to identify relevant resources and provide efficient methods to differentiate between resources. Test: There is significant increase in searches across common resource groupings.

10. Differentiating: Federated Search Statistics DatabaseSearches Web of Science3823 OPAC3314 WorldCat3267 PubMed238 INSPEC233 MathSciNet183 Faculty of 1000 Biology176 Compendex132

11. Differentiating: OPAC Searches (2005 v. 2006)

12. Differentiating: WorldCat Searches

13. Example 3: Chaining Question: Do our users move from one information resource to another? Theory: If users are moving from resource to resource, usage of resources in the same environment (one provider) and results of that usage (citations) will increase. Test: There will be a significant increase in the usage and/or results of usage of a resource’s material.

14. Chaining: JSTOR Citations (2000 v. 2004)

15. Example 4: Managing, Teaching Question: Are our users managing or utilizing content differently? Theory: A stable online archive allows users to re-access or re-use content more efficiently (utility usage or virtual vertical file), or utilize it for instructional purposes in different ways (virtual syllabus). Test: There will be a significant increase in the systematic re-use of current, locally produced content.

16. Managing, Teaching: Use of local content

17. Example 5: Service Effects Question: How do our choices in libraries affect user behavior? Theory: When we change the display options (e.g. cataloging) for journals, did that affect either publisher usage or SFX usage? Test: Changing cataloging results in decreased local journal usage as measured by the publisher and SFX.

18. Service Effects: Usage of Journals (2005 v. 2006)

19. Service Effects: SFX Clickthrough Rate ( Local v. Shared )

20. Example 5: Services Related Behaviors What else do users want or need? Are there services related behaviors that we can observe? Providing content is one option, but how are researchers using associated information services? If we provide them the article they want in fulltext, we see that sometimes they ask for other types of things. Can we match these things to those user behaviors?

21. Services Related Behaviors Information ServiceRequests Order Article via Document Delivery951 See References for this Article790 Search Library Catalog580 Read Abstract283 Search Article Title on the Web170 Send Feedback to Library15 See Articles citing this Article11

22. What else could we be studying? Monitoring Many information providers have e-alerts, repeat saved searches, etc. Networking Users may want to email a citation to a colleague or another student. Extracting Passing the bibliographic information to another database to search. Analyzing Including user behavior information in the statistical measurement tools.

23. Questions? John McDonald November 2, 2007