1. Exploring the Psychological Contracts of first year students and associated links to retention
PLAT 2010

2. The Psychological Contract
'An individual's belief regarding the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that focal person and another party … a belief that some form of promise has been made and that the terms and conditions of the contract have been accepted by both parties'
Robinson, S.L. & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). 'Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm' Journal of Organizational Behavior 15, pp

3. Example Extracts from Organizational Psychological Contract
‘Build skills to increase my value to the organization’
‘Take the organization’s concerns personally’
‘Quit whenever I want’
‘Concern for my personal welfare’
‘Help me develop marketable skills’
Source: Rousseau, D. M. (2000) Psychological Contract Inventory

4. The Psychological Contract in HE
The implicitly and tacitly held agreement & expectations of the ‘contractual’ relationship between students & lecturers about the nature of their exchange and relationship in the process of education.
(Charlton, Barrow & Hornby-Atkinson, 2007)

5. Example Aspects of Psychological Contract (HE)
‘Teaching staff have a responsibility to ensure that all students understand all aspects of the course’
‘Lecturers will be available to discuss course content with students whenever they require’
‘The degree is likely to contribute positively to the student’s future earning potential’
‘Personal development in general is an important part of the degree process’
‘Full written instructions will be provided for all coursework assignments’
Source: Charlton, Barrow & Hornby-Atkinson (2007)

6. Project Rationale Infringement of HE psychological contract can:
occur without awareness of parties concerned
adversely affect motivation, achievement & staff-student relationships
lead to student dissatisfaction, disillusionment and withdrawal
Making psychological contract explicit  contract can be ‘managed’ & infringements avoided

7. The Project 1st yr Psychology students PDP activity (action research)
Measures taken at start & end Sem 1 & end Sem 2
Attendance, retention & performance recorded
Work with students comparing expectations of staff & students
Negotiate & experiment with changes to contract to enhance learning experience & outcomes
Comparison with control sample
Ultimately inform PDP strategy

8. Additional Measures
Personal narratives ‘blank-sheet’ (Beard, Clegg & Smith 2007)
Achievement Motivation (Elliot & McGregor 2001)
Academic Efficacy & Self-Handicapping (Midgley et al 2000)
Emotional Intelligence (Schutte et al 1998)

9. Design of Study Time 1 Start Semester 1 Time 2 End Semester 1 Time 3
Psychological Contracts Questionnaire
Blank Sheet
Achievement Motivation
Academic Efficacy
Emotional Intelligence
Time 2
End Semester 1
Psychological Contracts Questionnaire
Blank Sheet
Achievement Motivation
Academic Efficacy
Emotional Intelligence
Time 3
End Semester 2
Psychological Contracts Questionnaire
Blank Sheet
Achievement Motivation
Academic Efficacy
Emotional Intelligence
Activity
Exploration of staff/student psychological contracts
Activity
Negotiate changes to psychological contract
Outcomes
Attendance
Retention
Performance
Outcomes
Attendance
Retention
Performance

10. Spread of agreement ratings for Psychology
Psychological Contracts Data
4. Staff responsibility understanding
6. Lecture content
11. Earning potential
8. Handouts content

11. Discrepancies Between Staff & Student Responses to Psychological Contracts Questionnaire
Responses differ in regard to:
Q 7 Lecturer availability
Q 15 Graduate skills & competencies
Q 16 Student will be expert
Q 17 Careers available
Q 18 Paid employment
Q25 Read feedback
Q 29 No job- waste of time
Q31 Deadlines responsibility staff
Q34 Really good classification

12. Agreement rating percentages for staff & students
Psychological Contracts Data
18. Paid employment
31. Assignment spread
7. Lecturer availability
16. Student expert

13. Psychological Contract Questionnaire data collected at TIME 1
A MANOVA analysis comparing 39 continuing students with 6 who later withdrew
No significant difference in overall questionnaire scores (35 questions) between the two groups of students. However, the two groups differed significantly in their responses to the following questions (with continuing students scoring higher than withdrawn students):
Q5. Discussing course content with other students beyond class time is an important part of the experience of completing a degree, F(1,43) 5.60, p <.05. (Continuing 4.21; Withdrawn 3.50).
Q9. Assessed work is likely to be challenging and require a good deal of independent study, F(1,43) 5.55, p <.05. (Continuing 4.54; Withdrawn 4.00).
Q18. It is reasonable to expect students to be able to engage in more than 10 hours a week paid employment during the course of their degree, F(1,43) 5.43, p <.05. (Continuing 3.59; Withdrawn 2.5).
Psychological Contract Questionnaire data collected at TIME 1
At Time 1, MANOVA analysis comparing 39 continuing students with 6 who later withdrew revealed no significant difference in overall questionnaire scores (35 questions) between the two groups of students. However, the two groups differed significantly in their responses to the following questions (with continuing students scoring higher than withdrawn students):
Q5. Discussing course content with other students beyond class time is an important part of the experience of completing a degree, F(1,43) 5.60, p <.05. (Continuing 4.21; Withdrawn 3.50).
Q9. Assessed work is likely to be challenging and require a good deal of independent study, F(1,43) 5.55, p <.05. (Continuing 4.54; Withdrawn 4.00).
Q18. It is reasonable to expect students to be able to engage in more than 10 hours a week paid employment during the course of their degree, F(1,43) 5.43, p <.05. (Continuing 3.59; Withdrawn 2.5).
The difference between the two groups’ responses was marginally significant for the following two questions (continuing students have higher scores):
Q6. Lectures will cover all of the subject matter students need to pass their course, F(1,43) 3.388, p = .07. (Continuing 3.33; Withdrawn 2.33).
Q26. If a student fails a piece of work it will probably be because they have not done what was required of them, F(1,43)3.698, p = .06. (Continuing 3.74; Withdrawn 3.00).

14. Psychological Contracts Questionnaire data collected at TIME 2
A MANOVA analysis compared 36 continuing students with 13 who later withdrew.
No significant differences in overall questionnaire scores (35 questions) or in the responses to individual questions between the two groups of students. There were marginally significant differences in responses to the following two questions:
Q5. Discussing course content with other students beyond class time is an important part of the experience of completing a degree, F(1,47) 2.99, p = Continuing students had higher scores than withdrawn. (Continuing 4.17; Withdrawn 3.69).
Q8. Course handouts will contain all of the information needed to pass course assignments, F(1,47) 3.29, p = .08. Withdrawn students had higher scores. (Continuing 2.47; Withdrawn 3.08).
Psychological Contracts Questionnaire data collected at TIME 2
A MANOVA analysis compared 36 continuing students with 13 who later withdrew.
There were no significant differences in overall questionnaire scores (35 questions) or in the responses to individual questions between the two groups of students. There were marginally significant differences in responses to the following two questions:
Q5. Discussing course content with other students beyond class time is an important part of the experience of completing a degree, F(1,47) 2.99, p = Continuing students had higher scores than withdrawn. (Continuing 4.17; Withdrawn 3.69).
Q8. Course handouts will contain all of the information needed to pass course assignments, F(1,47) 3.29, p = .08. Withdrawn students had higher scores. (Continuing 2.47; Withdrawn 3.08).

15. Psychological Contracts Questionnaire data collected at TIME 3
A MANOVA analysis compared 40 continuing students with 3 who later withdrew
There was no significant difference in overall questionnaire scores (35 questions) between the two groups of students. The mean responses of the two groups differed significantly for only one of the questionnaire items with continuing students having the higher mean score:
Q15. Studying for a degree should provide students with skills and competencies that will equip them to understand complex issues beyond their area of study, F(1,41) 5.036, p<.05. (Continuing 4.20; Withdrawn 3.33).
Psychological Contracts Questionnaire data collected at TIME 3
MANOVA analysis compared 40 continuing students with 3 who later withdrew.
There was no significant difference in overall questionnaire scores (35 questions) between the two groups of students. The mean responses of the two groups differed significantly for only one of the questionnaire items with continuing students having the higher mean score:
Q15. Studying for a degree should provide students with skills and competencies that will equip them to understand complex issues beyond their area of study, F(1,41) 5.036, p<.05. (Continuing 4.20; Withdrawn 3.33).

16. 4 Factor Structure of Psychological Contracts Questionnaire
Factor 1: Student application
23 I expect the course to be hard work and to require a lot of my time.
28 If I am ill or miss lectures the onus is on me to find out what I need to do to ‘make good’ the work or improve my mark next time.
32 I will need to do further study beyond my degree if I would like to work as a practicing psychologist.
2 Attending lectures can make a positive difference to the quality of my university experience and my degree outcome.
21 I expect to have to spend a good deal of time in the library researching course top
9 I expect assessed work to be challenging and require a good deal of independent study.
35 I expect to have to organise my own time so that work for assignments due in around the same time is spread in order to avoid missing deadlines.
12 Personal development in general is an important part of the degree process.
26 If I fail a piece of work it is probably because I have not done what was required of me.
25 Reading coursework feedback will help me to improve my grades in the future. 

17. 4 Factor Structure of Psychological Contracts Questionnaire
Factor 2: Lecturer responsibility
4 Teaching staff have a responsibility to ensure that I understand all aspects of the course.
7 I expect tutors to be available to discuss course content with me whenever I require.
13 If I am ill or miss lectures the onus is on the lecturer or module leader to tell me what I need to do to ‘make good’ the work or improve my mark next time.
27 If I do badly or fail at a piece of work the onus is on my lecturer to tell me what I need to do to put it right.

18. 4 Factor Structure of Psychological Contracts Questionnaire
Factor 3: Career prospects
11 I expect my qualification on completion to contribute positively to my future earning potential.
1 My degree is likely to make a significant difference to my future career prospects.
14 My degree will make me more attractive to a prospective employer.
34 I am aiming to get a really good degree classification.

19. 4 Factor Structure of Psychological Contracts Questionnaire
Factor 4: Student expectation
17 Studying for the degree will inform me about the career opportunities available to me.
8 I expect course handouts to contain all of the information I need to pass course assignments.
6 I expect lectures to cover all of the subject matter I need to pass my course.

20. Conclusions?
There is as much within variation in psychological contracts of groups of lecturers and students as between them – implications for intervention
students who leave are:
less likely to appreciate the value of discussing their work with other students,
less likely to believe that HE will be challenging and require a good deal of independent study,
more likely to believe that lectures and/or handouts will contain all the information they require to pass the course,
less likely to recognise that studying for a degree will provide them with skills and competencies beyond their subject of study, and
less likely to believe that failure is due to their lack of effort.

21. Actions Arising from the Research
Explicit negotiation of the psychological contract through personal and academic development activities
Clear statements in handbooks regarding expectations of independent learning & more explicit support for developing the skill of independent learning
Early help in developing a general sense of internal responsibility for successes and failures.  
Intervention of contract negotiation begun much earlier.
Self initiated project based activities.
Peer mentoring to provide active peer support and to provide role models for independent learning.
Students meet with their personal tutors at least once per week to actively engage in reflection on progress.
Greater integration of learning across the whole of the first year programme aims to provide continuity of experience and links and connections for supporting learning.

22. Future Research
Continuing exploration of the data and continuation of data gathering
Collection and analysis of a larger sample of staff psychological contracts with the aim of exploring possibilities for communicating a more consistent message to students re expectations of HE ??