1. GRAPHS Trees Without Rules

2. Graph  A data structure that consists of a set of nodes (called vertices) and a set of edges that relate the nodes to each other

3. Facebook Graph June Sarah Susan Robert Judy Katie Lila Rebecca John Vertices: people Edges: friends

4. Airline Routes Graph

5. Course Prerequisites Graph

6. Graphs  Another recursive data structure  Node with any number of pointers to other nodes  No restrictions on connectivity Allows disconnected nodes, multiple paths, and cycles  Terminology  Node  Arc  Directed  Connected  Path  Cycle

7. Implementation Strategies  Create a set of all arcs  (a->b, a->c, b->d, c->d, d->a, d->b)  Adjacency List  a: {b, c}  b: {d}  c:{d}  d:{a, b}  Adjacency matrix  Consider the data  Sparse vs. Dense  Space vs. Time a cb d

8. Coding Graphs  Graph itself is set or vector of node *  Why not just pointer to a root, like a tree?  Could you designate an arbitrary node as root? Struct nodeT { //data for node goes here vector connected; };

9. Coding Graphs  Often graphs have data associated with the arc itself.  Unlike trees and lists where links are only for connecting nodes  Arcs may have information like distance or cost. Add struct to hold arc info  Arc has pointers to start/end node and a node has a collection of arcs Circular reference

10. Circular Reference nodeT arcT

11. Arcs have Nodes and Nodes have Arcs struct arcT { //arc fields go here nodeT *start, *end; //error! nodeT not defined }; struct nodeT { //node fields go here vector outgoing; //arcT already defined };

12. Making the Gears Work struct nodeT; //forward reference struct arcT { //arc fields go here nodeT *start, *end; }; struct nodeT { //node fields go here vector outgoing; };

13. Graph Traversals  Traverse reachable nodes  Start from a node and follow arcs to other nodes  Some graphs not fully connected, so not all nodes are reachable  Depth-first and Breadth-first  Similar to tree’s post-order, pre-order and in-order  Both visit all reachable nodes, but in a different order  Possibility of cycles means you must track “visited” nodes to avoid infinite loop Could maintain a visited flag per node or set of visited nodes

14. Depth-First Traversal  Choose a starting node  No root node in graph, may have specific start in mind or just choose one randomly  Go Deep  Pick a neighbor, explore all reachable from there  Backtrack  After fully exploring everything reachable from first neighbor, choose another neighbor and go again  Continue until all neighbors are exhausted  Base case?

15. Depth-First Pseudocode void DepthFirstSeach(node *cur, set & visited) { //if visited contains cur, do nothing. //otherwise, add cur to visited set //for all arcT’s in the graph vector named outgoing DepthFirstSearch(cur->outgoing[i]->end, visited); }

16. Trace A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H

17. Breadth-First Traversal  Choose starting node  Visit all immediate neighbors  Those directly connected to start node  Branch out to all neighbors 2 hops away  Again to 3 hops and so on  Until all reachable nodes are visited  How to manage nodes to vist  Perfect for the queue  What about cycles/multiple paths?  Need to track visited status

18. Breadth-First Pseudocode void BreadthFirstSearch(nodeT *start) { queue q; set visited; q.enqueue(start); //while q is not empty nodeT *cur = q.dequeue(); //if visited does not contain cur, add cur to visited and //for all arcTs in vector named outgoing... q.enqueue(cur->outgoing[i]->end); }

19. Graph Search Algorithms  Many interesting questions are really just graph searches  Which nodes are reachable from this node?  Does the graph have a cycle?  Is the graph fully connected?  Longest path without a cycle?  Is there a continuous path that visits all nodes once and exactly once?