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Unit 9: The Tang & Song Dynasties, the Mongols & The Ming Dynasty

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1 Unit 9: The Tang & Song Dynasties, the Mongols & The Ming Dynasty

2 Review: Classical China
During the Classical Era, the emperors of Han China created large empire & developed numerous innovations The Silk Road trade route brought Chinese luxury goods to Europe & Asia and increased cultural diffusion Civil service exams for gov’t employees based on Confucian teachings Silk-making technology that attracted trade from outside China

3 Post-Classical China Like the Roman Empire, Classical China under the Han Dynasty entered an era of decline & eventually fell

4 Over the next 350 years, more than 30 local dynasties rose & fell
After the Han Dynasty collapsed in 220 A.D., no emperor was strong enough to unify China Over the next 350 years, more than 30 local dynasties rose & fell Confucian principles that emphasized hard work, the subordination of the individual to community needs, and the belief in the rational order of the universe came under severe challenge Some began to turn to Daoism and to beliefs that emphasized a heavenly salvation. Mahayana Buddhism also spread to China, embraced by both intellectual and common people alike. (Cultural Assimilation)

5 During the subsequent Tang & Song Dynasties, China experienced an extended “golden age” & became the richest, most powerful, & most advanced country in the world The Sui’s the restoration of the civil service system allowed intelligent bureaucrats (scholar-officials) to help manage the empire In 589, China was unified again & a strong central government was restored by Sui Wendi (Sui Dynasty). The Sui emperor’s greatest accomplishment was the completion of the Grand Canal that connected the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Yangtze River.

6 Tang Dynasty (618-907) Tang Taizong
Brilliant general who reconquered northern and western lands of China Extended Influence to Korea Empress Wu Zhao Held real power while weak emperors sat on throne. Only female to take title of emperor

7 The Golden Age of Post-Classical China
Tang Emperors did their best to try to protect and expand roads and trade along the Silk Road Chinese merchants relied on ocean routes as well to trade with India & Arabia Text Increased trade led to the spread of Chinese culture (centralized gov’t, civil service system, Confucianism, & writing) to Korea, Japan, & Southeast Asia centralized government, Confucianism, Buddhism, and writing Tang Taizong lowered taxes and took lands from wealthy and redistributed them to the peasants For the 1st time in China’s history, emperors encouraged foreign trade

8 Increased trade helped spread Mahayana Buddhism throughout China
The Tang built an empire by taking over Central Asia all the way to Afghanistan. Korea, Vietnam and Tibet and Korea/become tributary states Increased trade helped spread Mahayana Buddhism throughout China Easier for ordinary people to follow. Picture Buddha as one of many gods.

9 The Tang Dynasty Collapses
Mandate of Heaven Tang reimposed high taxes. Peasants’ lives became harsh. Government corruption Arab armies defeated Chinese Internal rebellions led to Chinese rebels sacking the Tang capital and murdering the last Tang Emperor.

10 The Song Dynasty (960-1279) Founded by Song Taizu
Stable, Powerful, and Prosperous Unable to reclaim lost territories of the Han and Tang Dynasties. Paid for peace through tribute of silver, silk, and tea Invasions from Manchurian people called the Jurchen and forced the Song to move south to Hangzhou. Trading in Southern Asia would increase due to this move.

11 Chinese Innovations Class Activity:
The Tang & Song dynasties were eras of major technological advancement: The technologies helped make China the most advanced country in the world Much of China’s technology spread to other people across trade routes Class Activity: As a class, let’s try and guess what each of the following 10 Chinese innovations are

12 1. Mechanical Clock

13 2. Magnetic compass

14 3. Gunpowder

15 4. Printing Press with Block printing and then Moveable Type

16 5. Paper money

17 6. Ship building with sternpost rudder and lug sail

18 7. Smallpox Vaccination

19 8. Spinning Wheel for Silk weaving

20 9. Porcelain

21 Changes in Chinese Society under the Tang and Song Dynasties
Foot Binding: Crippled for life. Broken arch. Symbolized the declining status of women in Tang/Song China Periods

22 Expansion of Civil Service Exam
Three Levels of Examinations 1st – Qualifying Exam given every year. (Passage leads to local jobs). 2nd – Second Exam given at the provincial capital every 3 years (Passage led individuals to apply for bureaucratic positions 3rd – Final Exam given every 3 years (Passage makes individual eligible to high positions in bureaucracy.)

23 The End of the Golden Age
Despite the wealth & culture during under the Tang & Song Dynasties, the Chinese were briefly overthrown by the Mongols From 1279 to 1368, foreign nomads called the Mongols ruled China , less that 100 years.

24 Who were the Mongols? Read about the Mongols & write 3 facts that you learned from the reading

25 Who were the Mongols? The Mongols were among the numerous nomadic tribes who lived in Central Asia

26 Mongol life centered on herding animals, especially horses
Who were the Mongols? The Mongols lived in the harsh climate of the Eurasian steppe, an area with little rain & extreme temperatures Mongol life centered on herding animals, especially horses Mongols lived as nomadic clans, constantly searching for better pasture lands

27 Who were the Mongols? As a result of their lifestyle, the Mongols were tough warriors who occasionally raided nearby settlements “Man’s highest joy is in victory: to conquer one’s enemies, to pursue them, to deprive them of their possessions, to make their beloved weep, to ride on their horses, and to embrace their wives and daughters.” – Genghis Khan Genghis Khan built a powerful Mongol army & began a 21-year conquest of Eurasia From 1200 to 1206, a clan leader named Genghis Khan unified the Mongols

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29 Under Genghis & later khans, the Mongols conquered…
Russia Korea Central Asia China the Islamic Empire

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31 How did the Mongols create this massive empire?
Several characteristics lay behind Genghis Khan’s stunning success as a conqueror. First, he was a brilliant organizer. He assembled his Mongol warriors into a mighty fighting force (see below). Following the model of the Chinese military, Genghis grouped his warriors in armies of 10,000. These in turn were organized into 1,000-man brigades, 100-man companies, and 10-man squads. He put his most battle-proven and loyal men in command of these units. Second, Genghis was a gifted strategist. He used various tricks to confuse his enemy. Sometimes, a small Mongol cavalry unit would attack, then pretend to gallop away in flight. The enemy usually gave chase. Then the rest of the Mongol army would appear suddenly and slaughter the surprised enemy forces. Finally, Genghis Khan used cruelty as a weapon. He believed in terrifying his enemies into surrender. If a city refused to open its gates to him, he might kill the entire population when he finally captured the place. The terror the Mongols inspired spread ahead of their armies, which led many towns to surrender without a fight. As one Arab historian wrote, “In the countries that have not yet been overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear there too.” Mongol soldiers were excellent horsemen; Used the horse saddle to shoot arrows while riding

32 How did the Mongols create this massive empire?
Several characteristics lay behind Genghis Khan’s stunning success as a conqueror. First, he was a brilliant organizer. He assembled his Mongol warriors into a mighty fighting force (see below). Following the model of the Chinese military, Genghis grouped his warriors in armies of 10,000. These in turn were organized into 1,000-man brigades, 100-man companies, and 10-man squads. He put his most battle-proven and loyal men in command of these units. Second, Genghis was a gifted strategist. He used various tricks to confuse his enemy. Sometimes, a small Mongol cavalry unit would attack, then pretend to gallop away in flight. The enemy usually gave chase. Then the rest of the Mongol army would appear suddenly and slaughter the surprised enemy forces. Finally, Genghis Khan used cruelty as a weapon. He believed in terrifying his enemies into surrender. If a city refused to open its gates to him, he might kill the entire population when he finally captured the place. The terror the Mongols inspired spread ahead of their armies, which led many towns to surrender without a fight. As one Arab historian wrote, “In the countries that have not yet been overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear there too.” If an enemy refused to surrender, Genghis would order the death of the entire population As the Mongol reputation spread, many towns surrendered to Genghis without a fight Genghis was a brilliant military organizer & strategist, but his greatest tactic was terror & fear

33 “In the countries that have not yet been overrun by them, everyone spends the night afraid that they may appear there too.” (Arab historian)

34 The Impact of the Mongol Empire
The Mongols were merciless in battle, but tolerant as rulers Mongol khans (rulers) often adopted parts of the culture of the people they conquered In the East, Mongols embraced Chinese culture While ferocious in war, the Mongols were quite tolerant in peace. They rarely imposed their beliefs or way of life on those they conquered. Over time, some Mongol rulers even adopted aspects of the culture of the people they ruled. The Ilkhans and the Golden Horde, for example, became Muslims. Growing cultural differences among the khanates contributed to the eventual splitting up of the empire. In the West, Mongols converted to Islam

35 The Impact of the Mongol Empire
Chinese technologies like gunpowder & the magnetic compass reached Europe But diseases like the plague (Black Death) reached Europe too Mongol khans brought stability & order to Eurasia The era from the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s is called the Pax Mongolica (“Mongol Peace”) From the mid-1200s to the mid-1300s, the Mongols imposed stability and law and order across much of Eurasia. This period is sometimes called the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace. The Mongols guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of the empire to another Trade between Europe and Asia had never been more active. Ideas and inventions traveled along with the trade goods. Many Chinese innovations, such as gunpowder, reached Europe during this period. Other things spread along with the goods and the ideas. Some historians speculate that the epidemic of bubonic plague that devastated Europe during the 1300s was first spread by the Mongols. (See Chapter 14.) The disease might have traveled along trade routes or have been passed to others by infected Mongol troops. For a brief period of history, the nomadic Mongols were the lords of city-based civilizations across Asia, including China. As you will read in Section 3, China continued to thrive under Mongol rule. During the Pax Mongolica, the Mongols guaranteed safe passage across the Silk Road As a result, trade & cultural diffusion increased between Europe & Asia

36 The khanate in Persia helped control the Silk Road
After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis The Mongol destruction of Kiev increased the importance of Moscow in Russia The khanate in Persia helped control the Silk Road The Mongols were the first non-Muslims to rule over the Islamic Empire

37 But the most significant khanate was the Mongol rule over China
After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was divided into 4 major khanates each ruled by a son or grandson of Genghis But the most significant khanate was the Mongol rule over China In 1279, Genghis’ grandson Kublai Khan became the first foreign leader to rule China

38 Kublai Khan Kublai enjoyed Chinese culture so much that he moved the Mongolian capital to Beijing, China Kublai Khan united China and began a new era in China called the Yuan Dynasty But, he excluded the Chinese from serving in high gov’t offices & relied on foreigners to serve in his government Mongols had little in common with the Chinese and tended to live separate lives and obeyed different laws.

39 Kublai proved to be a good emperor for China
Under Kublai, foreign trade with China increased due to the Pax Mongolica He built roads & extended the Grand Canal to help improve transportation in China

40 Marco Polo In 1275, a European merchant named Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan’s court Kublai was so impressed with Marco Polo that he employed him in the Yuan gov’t for 17 years When Marco Polo returned to Italy in 1292, his stories of China increased European demand for Asian trade

41 In 1370, the Mongols lost control of Central Asia
By the time of Kublai’s death in 1294, the entire Mongol Empire was growing weak In 1480, under Ivan III Russia gained independence from Mongol rule & started the Romanov Dynasty In 1370, the Mongols lost control of Central Asia In 1368, Chinese rebels overthrew the Mongols & started the Ming Dynasty In 1330, the Mongols lost control of Persia

42 Yongle, the Ming emperor encourage overseas trade…
In 1368, the Chinese, led by Ming Hongwu, overthrew the Mongols & established the Ming Dynasty Economic revival Restore civil service system Confucian learning restored Industries include papermaking, Porcelain and tools Food surplus/new crops from Americas- sweet potato & corn in 1500’s Improved printing – more books Blue and white porcelain-important export Yongle, the Ming emperor encourage overseas trade…

43 …and began a series of explorations led by Zheng He to demonstrate Chinese superiority

44 Read the excerpt from Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet Expeditions
Zheng He had better ships & traveled farther than any European explorers would for 100 years With a fleet of over 100 ships, Zheng He led 7 different expeditions Zheng He brought back, from Africa, giraffes which were placed in the Imperial Zoo. (Soothsayers identified them with the coming of good government.) Zheng He explored areas along the Indian Ocean & Africa, expand trade, & collected tribute from foreigners

45 Chinese Isolation After the 7th treasure fleet voyage in 1433, Chinese leaders unexpectedly ended the expeditions & retreated into isolationism Scholar-officials complained that Zheng He’s voyages used valuable resources that were needed to defend China China’s official trade policy was to keep the influence of outsiders to a minimum China’s geography & gov’t policies kept it relatively isolated for the next 300 years until European merchants in the 1800s demanded access to Chinese trade


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