1. INLAND WATERWAYS TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO COAL
4TH COAL MARKET IN INDIA 2014,
22ND AUGUST 2014, NEW DELHI, IBK MEDIA
Dr.R.Giri Prasad,
Associate Professor & HOD,
Dept. of Petroleum Technology,
Aditya Engineering College, Kakinda, Andhra Pradesh, India

2. INTRODUCTION
The share of India’s inland water transport (IWT) cargo traffic to the logistics market is significantly lower at 0.5 as compared to China at 8.7 percent, the US at 8.3 percent and Europe at 7 percent. However, the Indian IWT landscape holds immense potential due to its characteristic advantages over other modes of transportation, especially for coal movement.
India has about 14,500 km of navigable inland waterways, of which 5,200 km (36 percent) of major rivers and 485 km (3 percent) of canals are conducive to the movement of mechanised vessels. Among these navigable waterways, five National Waterways (NWs) — NWs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, spanning approximately 4,400 km — have been outlined as potential inland waterways at the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the West Coast Canal, the Godavari and Krishna rivers, and the East Coast Canal, respectively. NW 6, which stretches across 121 km, has been proposed on the Barak River.

3. WATERWAYS OF INDIA

4. HISTORY OF INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION
Inland Water Transportation was important mode in the past
In 19th century steamers were plying from Kolkata up to Garhmukteshwar and Dibrugarh in the Ganga & Brahmaputra respectively
Development of Railways & Roads gave IWT a setback
In 1970s, IWT for NER revived with IWT&T Protocol between India & Bangladesh
In 1980s and 1990s, CIWTC used to ply vessels from Kolkata to Guwahati and Karimganj routes
Transported over 4 lakh tonne cargo in , now engaged only in lighter age movement

5. cons. comm

6. cons. comm

7. Protocol route distances
TEJPUR
NAGALAND P
SILGHAT
31C
I N D I A
Brahmaputra R.
NW-2
A S S A M 36
JOGIGHOPA
DISPUR 37
INDO – BANGLADESH
PROTOCOL ROUTES 31
PANDU
DHUBRI P 37
KOHIMA
SHISHUMARA 40
DAIKHAWA
SHILLONG 31 51
M E G H A L A Y A
BIHAR
CHILMARI 53
Barak
MANIPUR
Ganga R.
Surma R.
ZAKIGANJ 34
BAHADURABAD
LAKHIPUR
SYLHET
BHANGA 53
IMPHAL
KARIMGANJ P
JHARKHAND
Jamuna R.
MARKULI
Kusiyara R.
FENCHUGANJ
B A N G L A D E S H
SHERPUR
AJMIRIGANJ
DHULIAN
GODAGARI
SIRAJGANJ
RAJSHAHI P 54
Ganga R.
Baral R.
BHAIRAB BAZAR
ASHUGANJ 44 N
TRIPURA
BAGHABARI
ARICHA
Meghna R.`
AKHAURA
AGARTALA
AIZWAL
DHAKA
NW-1
Bhagirathi R.
MIZORAM
NARAYANGANJ
Padma R. P
Legend
Legend 2
CHANDPUR
Declared National waterway
Proposed National waterway
Protocol route
Road
Rail NH
KHULNA 35 P
BARISAL
Meghna R.
WEST BENGAL
CHALNA
KAUKHALI
KOLKATA P 51
Protocol route distances P
MONGLA 6 41
Kolkata - Guwahati/Pandu km
Kolkata - Karimganj km
Dhulian-Rajshahi km
HALDIA P
ANGTIHARA
Hooghly R. 7
NAMKHANA
Raimangal R.
Bay of Bengal
Myanmar (Burma)
ORISSA
Sunderbans
cons. comm

8. Champakkara & Udyogamandal canals
KOTTAPURAM N
National Waterway-3 17
ALUVA
(Kottapuram – Kollam)
West Coast Canal
Champakkara & Udyogamandal canals
River distance
Kottapuram - Kollam km
Udyogamandal canal 23 km
Champakkara canal km
Total length km
UDYOGAMANDAL CANAL
KAKKANAD(CSEZ) 49
KOCHI
CHAMPAKKARA CANAL
MARADU
VAIKOM 47 K E R A L
CHERTHALA
THANNERMUKKOM
LOCK CUM BARRAGE
ALAPPUZHA
220
THRIKKUNNAPUZHA
THRIKKUNNAPUZHA
LOCK GATE
Legend
Waterway alignment
Road
Rail
Important places
Arabian Sea
KAYAMKULAM
CHAVARA
208
KOLLAM
cons. comm

9. Development cost- Rs 1515 cr (2010prices)
Notified on
cons. comm

10. Development cost- Rs 4210 cr (2010 prices)
Notified on
cons. comm

11. Proposed National Waterway – 6 : River Barak
Length –121 km
Development cost -Rs 120 cr (at prices)
Status: Declaration in process
Badarpur
Bhanga
Silchar
Stretch Km
Bhanga - Lakhipur
121
cons. comm

12. ROAD AND RAIL NETWORK
Roads have always been the primary mode of transport in India. India has one of the largest road networks of approximately lakh kms. As per the Road Transport & Highways Department around 60% of the total freight and around 87% of passenger traffic is carried by Indian roads. Traffic is forecasted to grow at around 8-10% p.a.
A large portion of railway sidings is single line and is utilized by passenger as well as freight trains. The sharing of railway sidings amongst the passenger and freight trains causes disruption in the smooth functioning of the trains. Long waiting times and uncertainty of arrival are the two primary reasons for the delay in time of freight goods.
The overall freight traffic has been continuously rising. Over the last 10 years, traffic has grown at a CAGR of 6.27%. IR‟s available infrastructure does not have enough capacity to cater to this traffic leading to severe network capacity constraints.

13. WORLD COAL RESERVES

14. Coal: demand - supply gap
Power generation capacity: a critical requirement
Coal: the main source of energy
Current coal demand: 696 MMT
May become 1000 MMT by 2017
Estimated coal to be imported : 137 MMT

15. Power Sector Overview Year Installed Capacity [GW] 2007 124 By 2012
190
By 2017
290
By 2022
425
By 2027
575
By 2032
800
Does not include 15,905 MW of Captive Capacity
Includes 8,700 MW of HVDC Capacity
Peak Shortage-
WR: 19% (7087 MW) ( )
Gujarat: 2881 MW (24.3%) (’08-’09)
Maharashtra: 4283 MW (23.7%) (’08-’09)
U.P.: 2339 MW (22.1%) (’08-’09)
Generation Installed Capacity (as on ) : 187 GW 15

16. INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION ADVANTAGES

17. Energy efficiency: 1 horse power (HP) can move what weight cargo (kg)?
Parameters
IWT
Rail
Road
Energy efficiency: 1 horse power (HP) can move what weight cargo (kg)?
4,000
500
150
Fuel efficiency: 1 liter of fuel can move how much freight (ton – km)?
105 85 24
Equivalent single unit carrying capacity
1 barge
15 rail wagons
60 trucks
Air pollution
Low
Medium
High
Land Acquisition
Capital required
Note: the information is for indicative comparison only, Source: Inland Waterways Authority of India.

18. IWT USAGE OTHER COUNTRIES
Coal is the largest commodity by volume moving on waterways
USA’s thermal power plants use waterways for > 20 % of coal
Germany: 45%
China: 17%
India: practically nil

19. Coal transportation bottlenecks
Railway Congestion
Shortage of rakes
Shortage of bottom opening wagons
Railway network has its own limitations in terms of zonal capacities, inter-zone re-deployment of rakes, etc.
Port congestion
Low draft at some ports like Haldia
Hence, overdependence on railways needs to be reduced: road is out of question : IWT a realistic supplementary option, especially for imported coal

20. THANK YOU Muzaffarpur Buxar Farakka NTPC Plants State Govt Plants
Thermal power plants along NW-1
Allahabad
Haldia 13 6 8
Barauni
Barh 15 7 18 19
Bara
Karchana 9 11 10
Pirpainti
Buxar
Bhagalpur
Lakhisarai
Muzaffarpur 14 12
Kahalgaon
THANK YOU 8 16
Anapara
Farakka 17 5
Obra
Installed power: around 15,000 MW
Total coal requirement: around 75 MMTPA
Imported coal: around 15 MMTPA 20
Sagardighi 4
NTPC Plants
Bandel
State Govt Plants 3
Budge Budge 2
Proposed Power Plants
Kolaghat 1 8
Expansion

21. NTPC’s TPS at Farakka & Kahalgaon face acute shortage of coal
They require 3-4 MMT of imported coal
But due to several reasons, transportation of this coal has been a difficult and costly proposition for NTPC
Draft constraint at Haldia: Available draft-7.0 m
High waiting time at Paradip port
Limited rake availability for transportation from port
High Logistics cost leads to high delivered cost of coal
Handling/ transition losses
Delayed delivery leading to additional losses

22. After sustained persuasion by IWAI, NTPC gave commitment for transportation of 3 MMTPA imported coal by IWT for these plants for 7 years
IWAI & NTPC developed a project with entire funding by private sector
Project comprises of: Transhipment equipment at sea; about 40 barges; a terminal at Farakka; and coal conveyors from terminal to coal stack yard at Farakka
Approximate cost: Rs 650 crore
By open tendering Jindal ITF identified as L1 bidder
Tripartite agreement signed among IWAI, NTPC & Jindal ITF on
Supply of coal to start in December, 2012
This could be a path breaking project for IWT in India

23. Support provided by IWAI/NTPC
Guaranteed cargo by NTPC- 3 MMTPA for 7 years
Assurance from IWAI to provide LAD OF 2.5 Mts. between Haldia- Farakka for at least 330 days in a year
Suitable for 1500 T – 2000 T barges
Vertical clearance of 10 Mts.
Assured night navigation facility
Connectivity through DGPS stations
Facilitation of transfer of land at Farakka for terminal

24. JITF PROPOSED SOLUTION
Transshipper at high sea
Barges on NW-1
Destination
: Jetty with grab unloaders at destination

25. Vessel types River Barge Estuarine Ship Tug and Dumb Barge
Pushboat and Dumb Barges

26. Conclusion
Water is a critical mode of transportation for any economy. Although it is a cost-effective and environment-friendly mode of transport, its share in the modal mix in India is significantly less than that in developed countries. Domestic shipping provides significant fuel and cost savings over road and rail transport and, thus, offers several opportunities to meet the demand for bulk transportation to nearby areas and along the coast, which is highly relevant for India. However, its low penetration in the country is a result of the long period it takes to transport goods, the unavailability of return cargo, lack of awareness of its benefits and various regulatory policies.
Only 7 per cent of Indian cargo moves through the water as against more than 40 per cent in China and European Union, despite having rivers and a long coastline.
With TPS already in the vicinity of NW-1 and 10 more coming up; it will be unfortunate if we still do not use IWT for coal transportation thereon
Railways can simply not meet this demand- if waterways are not used, power generation will suffer- there is no other way
Haldia- Farakka coal transportation project can therefore be a trailblazer
Currently, Indian companies do not use the coastal route because of lack of roads and railways connecting ports to factories or consumption centres. The new government, in its maiden budget, allotted Rs4,200 crore to develop Ganga for inland waterway, giving a major push to coal transportation in the region.