1. Forearm and Wrist Fractures
By Dr Fiona Hill
HMO2

2. Key Learning Points 1. www.eorif.com
2. Always XR the joint above and below #.
3. # Ulnar = check the radial head
# Radius= check the druj
4. GFR: Galeazzi = Fractured Radius
BUM: Broken Ulnar = Monteggia 5.

3. Summary of Fractures Galeazzi Monteggia Isolated Forearm Fractures
Colle’s Fracture
Smith’s Fracture
Fracture of Radial Styloid

4. Forearm Fractures 101 Radius and ulnar are bound together by:
Annular ligament
Interosseus membrane
Radioulnar ligaments and triagular fibrocartilage.
With a direct blow you can break either isolated, however more likely w/ indirect (i.e. FOOSH) to damage both.

12. Galeazzi GFR: Galeazzi Fractured Radius
Definition: Fracture of the radial shaft (usually distal 1/3) with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint
Clinically: Pain and swelling in forearm and wrist. Forearm rotation very painful.
NV exam, evaluate for compartment syndrome, evaluate soft-tissue envelope, wrist evaluation.

13. Galeazzi part 2
Radiologically: A/P and Lateral of forearm +/- elbow, wrist.
Mx: ORIF of the radius is indicated in all cases.
Further Mx depending on stability of distal radioulnar joint.
Assoicated injuries/DDx:
Ulnar Styloid Fracture
TFCC Tear
DRUJ Instability

14. Monteggia BUM: Broken Ulnar Monteggia
# ulna with dislocation of the radial head.
1in14 of forearm #
More common in children.
Adult injuries are typically high energy, fall from heights or MVA.
Clinical Evaluation: Pain and swelling in the elbow and ulnar border of the forearm. ROM limited by pain.
NV exam, evaluate for compartment syndrome, evaluate soft-tissue envelope, wrist evaluation.

15. Monteggia Radiology: A/P and Lateral of forearm +/- elbow, wrist.
Always suspect a radial head dislocation in an ulnar #.
A line drawn along the axis of the radius should pass through the capitellus on both lateral + AP views.
MX: ORIF generally.

16. Isolated Ulnar/Radius
Most fractures of the ulnar/radius shaft are caused by direct blows and result in minimal soft-tissue injury. 
Generally obvious gross deformity
NV exam, evaluate for compartment syndrome, evaluate soft-tissue envelope, wrist evaluation.
A/P and Lateral of forearm +/- elbow, wrist.

17. Isolated Ulnar/Radius
Ulnar Shaft Fracture Associated Injuries / Differential Diagnosis
Monteggia fracture-dislocation.
Radius and ulna shaft fracture.
Galeazzi Fracture
Mx:
Depends on if it’s a distal, middle or proximal third.
Plus if its displaced or not.
Can be conservative or ORIF.
Fracture Complications a
Superficial wound infection
Nonunion: (incidence is higher for comminuted or displaced fx's)
Hardware failure
Malunion
Painful hardware
Ulnar nerve palsy
Radial nerve palsy

18. Distal Radial Fracture (+ Colles Fracture)
Most commonly women age
90% caused by compression on dorsiflexed wrist.
90% of distal radius fractures are Colles Fractures

19. Colles’ Fracture
Definition: Dorsally displaced fracture of the distal radius generally occuring 2-3 cm proximal to the radiocarpal joint.
Most common #, seen mainly in middle aged and elderly women.
FOOSH most likely cause.
Clinical Evaluation: Pain and swelling in wrist, often gross deformity in wrist.
NV exam, evaluate for compartment syndrome, evaluate soft-tissue envelope
Evaluated for carpal tunnel syndrome
Evauate for possible scaphoid injury.
Deformities include: occurs through metaphysis, dorsal displacemnt of the distal fragment, anterior angular of distal fragment, impaction between the distal fragment and the shaft. There is lateral displacement of the distal fragment.

20. Colles’ Fracture
XRs: Forearm XR AP/Lat + wrist PA/lat +/- elbow AP/Lat.
Mx: Can be generally managed with closed reduction with well molded cast/splint.
Significant angulation and deformity may require an open reduction and internal fixation.
An open fracture will always require surgical intervention.
Consider Osteoporosis evaluation and management.
Complications of Colles’/ DDx:
Galeazzi Fracture: highly associated with distal 1/3 radial shaft fractures 
Ulnar styloid fracture
DRUJ Instability
Compartment
Median nerve injury
Tendon injury,attritional EPL rupture.
Scapholunate ligament tear.
TFCC injury, up to 50% when ulnar styloid fx also present
Carpal ligament injury.

21. Smith’s Fracture
Definition: Distal radial fragment is tilted into a posteior angulation and may be displaced ventrally (volar). (Reverse Colles’s)
Mechanism: Direct blow to the dorsal forearm or falling onto flexed wrists,
(as opposed to a Colles' fracture = falling onto wrists in extension.)
Smith's fractures are less common than Colles' fractures.
Mx:
Undisplaced fracture = cast alone.
Mild angulation and displacement may require closed reduction.
Significant angulation and deformity may require an open reduction and internal fixation.
An open fracture will always require surgical intervention.
Consider Osteoporosis evaluation and management

22. # Radial Styloid Fracture
Isolated radial styloid #. Displacemnt is normally slight.
Mechanism: FOOSH or “kickback” injury.
Mx:
Manipulation rarely of value.
If minimal displacement, Colles’ type plaster.
If distal articular surface involved may need fixation.
Sudeck’s atrophy (complex regional pain syndrome) is a common complication.

33. Key Learning Points 1. www.eorif.com
2. Always XR the joint above and below #.
3. # Ulnar = check the radial head
# Radius= check the druj
4. GFR: Galeazzi = Fractured Radius
BUM: Broken Ulnar = Monteggia 5.

34. Thank you!