1. Injuries to the Upper Extremities
Chapter 16
Injuries to the Upper Extremities

2. Upper Extremity Injuries
Upper extremities are vulnerable to a variety of injuries depending on the sport, including:
Sprains
Strains
Dislocations
Fractures

3. Upper Extremity Injuries
Upper extremities are vulnerable to a variety of injuries depending on the sport, including:
Separations to the thoracic cage, shoulder, arm, and hand
Repetitive motion injuries such as arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis

4. Shoulder Complex Physiology
Bones
Muscles
Ligaments
Tendons
Articulations

5. Assessing Shoulder Injuries
ROM test for external rotation of the shoulder
ROM test for internal rotation of the shoulder

6. Assessing Shoulder Injuries
Specific ROM tests for the shoulder
including abduction, flexion, extension,
horizontal adduction
External muscle tests for the shoulder

7. Assessing Shoulder Injuries
Internal rotation strength test for the shoulder
Extension strength test for the shoulder
Flexion strength test for the shoulder
Abduction and adduction strength tests for the shoulder
Empty can test

8. Types of Shoulder Injuries
Fractures
Perform percussion test, compression test
Dislocations and subluxations
Contusions

9. Types of Shoulder Injuries
Sprains
Sulcus test, apprehension test for sprain of the anterior capsule
Acromioclavicular (AC) sprain test
Sternoclavicular (SC) sprain test

10. Types of Shoulder Injuries
Strains
Drop arm test
Impingement
Hawkins-Kennedy test, winged scapula test

11. Types of Shoulder Injuries
Tendonitis
Speed’s test
Synovitis and bursitis

12. Assessing Elbow and Forearm Injuries
Methods to assess elbow and forearm injuries include:
ROM test for elbow flexion
ROM test for elbow extension
ROM test for elbow supination
ROM test for elbow pronation

13. Manual Muscle Tests for the Elbow
Flexion strength test
Extension strength test
Supination strength test
Pronation strength test

14. Injuries to the Elbow and Arm
Fractures
Dislocations and subluxations
Contusions
Sprains
Valgus stress test for the elbow
Varus stress test for the elbow

15. Injuries to the Elbow and Arm
Impingement
Tinel’s sign
Synovitis and bursitis
Biceps brachii rupture
Epicondylitis
Volkmann’s contracture

16. Physiology of the Wrist and Hand
Made up of eight bones
Carpals, arranged in two transverse rows
Five metacarpals and digits make up the hand

17. Assessing Wrist and Hand Injuries
ROM test for wrist flexion
ROM test for wrist extension
ROM test for finger flexion

18. Assessing Wrist and Hand Injuries
ROM test for finger extension manual muscle tests:
Extension strength test
Flexion strength test for the wrist
Radial deviation strength test for the wrist
Ulnar deviation strength test for the wrist
Extension strength test for the fingers

19. Assessing Wrist and Hand Injuries
ROM test for finger extension manual muscle tests:
Flexion strength test for the fingers
Abduction strength test for the fingers
Adduction strength test for the fingers

20. Injuries to the Wrist and Hand
Fractures
Dislocations and subluxations
Contusions
Sprains
Gamekeeper’s thumb test
Impingement

21. Injuries to the Wrist and Hand
Tendonitis
Ganglion cyst of the wrist
Mallet finger
Buttonhold deformity