1. APPENDICULAR MUSCLES Muscles of girdles and appendages
Innervated by ventral ramus of spinal nerves

2. Key Point
What is a girdle?
What is a ramus/rami?

4. Appendicular Muscles - fish
Originated as extensions of hypaxials of body wall
Paired fins are appendicular (from myotome)
Median dorsal fins are NOT appendicular, from myotome of epaxials
Median ventral fins are NOT appendicular, from myotome of hypaxials

5. Osteichthyes skeleton
Dorsal fins
Caudal fin
Pectoral fin
Anal fin
Pelvic fin

6. Appendicular Muscles - fish
Dorsal mass on paired fins are extensors or abductors
Ventral mass on paired fins are flexors or adductors

8. Appendicular Muscles
Tetrapod
Pectoral Limb

9. Pectoral Limb Muscles Deltoid – arm abductor
Latissimus dorsi – limb retractor
Teres Major
Subcoracoscapularis >>Subscapularis

14. Pectoral Limb Muscles Triceps – forearm extensor
Forearm & hand extensors – LATERAL
Cutaneous trunci = Cutaneous maximus

17. Key Points
What is the function of cutaneous maximus? Do humans have this muscle?

18. Pectoral Limb Muscles
Pectoralis – Humerus adductor, largest flight muscle that lowers wing
Supracoracoideus – Elevates wing
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

21. Sternal keel Scapula Humerus Tendon Wing elevator muscle
(Supracoracoideus muscle)
Wing depressor muscle
(Pectoralis muscle)
Sternal keel
Copy and paste URL to link to original images at BIODIDAC

24. Pectoral Limb Muscles
Coracobrachialis – Arm flexor

26. Pectoral Limb Muscles Biceps brachii – forearm flexor
Brachialis – forearm flexor
Wrist and Digit Flexors - MEDIAL

29. Pectoral Limb Muscles
See Vertebrate Muscle page

30. Key Points
What are the most important flight muscles & what are their functions?
Wrist & digit flexors are found on what side of the forearm? What about the extensors?
Latissimus dorsi is similar among tetrapods. Where is it & what does it do?
Deltoids are similar among tetrapods. What does it do? Name the three deltoids in the cat.

31. Pelvic Limb Muscles
(Iliofemoralis) and Iliofibularis – thigh abductors
Become Gluteus and Tensor fasciae latae in mammal

34. Key Points
These muscles function as thigh (femur) abductors. What is thigh abduction?

35. Pelvic Limb Muscles Iliotibialis, (femorotibialis), Ambiens
Extend tibia, protract thigh
Quadriceps
Sartorius from Ambiens in reptiles

40. Key Points
Name the quadriceps femoris muscles.

41. Pelvic Limb Muscles Puboischiofemoralis Internus – limb protractor
Iliacus, Psoas major in mammals
Pectineus in mammals

45. Pelvic Limb Muscles
Ankle and foot extensors course LATERALLY

46. Pelvic Limb Muscles Puboischiotibialis – thigh retractor, knee flexor
Gracilis in mammals

50. Pelvic Limb Muscles
Pubotibialis and (Flexor Tibialis) – Thigh retractor and knee flexor
Hamstrings
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
Adductor longus

55. Pelvic Limb Muscles Adductor femoris in reptiles & mammals
Ankle & foot flexors course MEDIALLY

56. Pelvic Limb Muscles
See Vertebrate Muscles page

57. Key Points
What is the action of Adductor femoris, based on its position?
Which muscles are antagonists (works opposite) to the quadriceps?
Based on its action, which muscle is a synergist (works similar) with the hamstrings?
Name the hamstrings.

58. Branchiomeric Muscles
These muscles operate the pharyngeal arches
Visceral in origin, not somatic, from hypomere
Striated, voluntary
Innervated by cranial nerves. What does innervate mean?

59. Key Points
What is a cranial nerve?

60. Visceral Arch I
Adductor mandibulae
Closes jaw
Temporalis
Masseter

65. Visceral Arch I Intermandibularis Raises floor of mouth Mylohyoid
Anterior part of Digastric
(Tensor tympani)

68. Visceral Arch I
Look at Vertebrate Muscles page

69. Key Points
What do you recall about Visceral Arch I that will make it easier to remember the muscles adductor mandibulae & intermandibularis

70. Visceral Arch II Levator hyomandibulae
Raises upper jaw in hyostylic suspension
Stapedius

72. Visceral Arch II Dorsal hyoid constrictor = Levator hyoideus
Constricts pharyngeal cavity
Stylohoid, which is deep to mylohyoid

73. Visceral Arch II Interhyoideus = ventral hyoid constrictor
Depressor mandibulae in all but mammals
Digastric (posterior belly)
Sphincter colli and Platysma in mammals

77. Visceral Arch II
Look at Vertebrate Muscles page

78. Key Points
What do you recall about Visceral Arch II that will make it easier to remember the muscles Levator hyomandibulae, Levator hyoideus, Interhyoideus.

79. Visceral Arch III Constrictors – compress pharynx
Levators – lift gills
Adductors – close internal angles of gills
Interarcuals – expands pharynx
Swallowing muscles in tetrapods

81. Key Points
What does the root arc- mean?

82. Visceral Arch IV - VI Constrictors Levators Adductors Interarcuals
Breathing & swallowing muscles

83. Visceral Arch IV - VI Cucullaris – raises posterior gill Trapezius
Sternomastoid
Cleidomastoid

88. Key Points What does the root cleido- mean?
To what does the term mastoid refer?

89. Key Points
There are three parts to the trapezius in cats. Name them in order from anterior to posterior.

90. Visceral Arches
See Vertebrate Muscles page

91. Key Points
Use the following list to categorize the list of muscles on the next slide
Extrinsic Eye Muscle
Hypobranchial/Tongue Muscle
Epaxial Muscle
Hypaxial Muscle
Pectoral Muscle
Pelvic Muscle
Branchiomeric Muscle

92. Categorize these muscles
Interhyoideus
Superior oblique
Dorsalis trunci
Biceps femoris
Biceps brachii
Longissimus
Masseter
Styloglossus
Trapezius
Teres major
Deltoid
Sartorius
Rectus abdominis
Medial rectus
Temporalis

93. Electric Organs Incidence – found in more than 500 species
Derivation is primarily from muscle cells

94. Electric Organs Function Communication
Orientation with objects in environment
Detection of prey
Offense & defense

96. Electric Organs ELECTROPLAX is functional unit
It is a modified muscle cell
It is multinucleate with numerous associated nerves & mitochondria
It forms columns which together comprise the electric organ

98. Electric Organs Salt water eel can emit up to 50 V
Fresh water eel can emit up to 500 V

99. Key Points Are salt water eels safer to touch than fresh water eels?
Think about conduction of electricity in fresh vs. salt water