1. Section A: Applied Anatomy and Physiology
8. Movement analysis of sporting actions associated with each joint

2. Syllabus
Practical analysis of typical sporting actions associated with each joint, to include identification of joint, joint type, movement occurring, working muscles, functions of the muscles, type of contraction

3. For more information see the word documents titled ‘Movement analysis table’

4. Basic analysis of movement can be done visually and should involve the following:
A description of the actual movements which occur at the joints involved
The plane(s) in which the movement occurs
The muscles producing the movement
The function of the muscles involved (agonists, antagonists, synergists & fixators)
The type of contraction (isotonic -concentric or eccentric, isometric)
The range of the muscle action (inner, middle, outer)

5. Analysis of sprinting
The leg action in running is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.
The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint. The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint. The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.
Each of these joints produces two actions, one when the leg is in contact with the ground (driving phase) and one when the leg is not in contact with the ground (recovery phase).

6. Extension and hyperextension
Driving phase
Joints involved
Action
Agonist Muscle
Hip
Extension and hyperextension
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Knee
Extension
Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)
Ankle
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius

7. Recovery phase Joints involved Action Agonist Muscle Hip Flexion
Iliopsoas
Knee
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Ankle
Dorsi flexion
Tibialis anterior

8. Analysis of throwing
Throwing comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the throwing phase.
Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the two joints primarily involved are the elbow and shoulder.
The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna.
The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula.

9. Preparatory phase Joints involved Articulating bones Action
Agonist Muscle
Shoulder
Humerus and scapula
Horizontal hyperextension
Posterior deltoids and latissimus dorsi
Elbow
Humerus and ulna
Extension
Triceps brachii

10. Throwing phase Joints involved Articulating bones Action
Agonist Muscle
Shoulder
Humerus and scapula
Horizontal flexion
Anterior deltoids and Pectoralis major
Elbow
Humerus and ulna
Flexion
Biceps brachii

11. Analysis of racket strokes
There are two phases to striking a ball with a racket, the preparatory phase and the striking phase.
Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the three joints concerned are the wrist, elbow and the shoulder
The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna.
The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula
The wrist forms a condyloid joint between the ulna and carpal bones

12. Preparatory phase Joints involved Articulating bones Action
Agonist Muscle
Wrist
Ulna and carpal Radius and ulna
Supination
Supinator
Elbow
Humerus and ulna
Extension
Triceps brachii
Shoulder
Humerus and scapula
Horizontal hyperextension
Posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi

13. Striking phase Joints involved Articulating bones Action
Agonist Muscle
Wrist
Ulna and carpal  Radius and ulna
Pronation
Pronator teres
Elbow
Humerus and ulna
Flexion
Biceps brachii
Shoulder
Humerus and scapula
Horizontal flexion
Pectoralis major and Anterior deltoid
Trunk
Rotation
External obliques

14. Analysis of jumping
The action in jumping is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.
The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint.
The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint.
The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.

15. Extension and hyperextension
Joints involved
Action
Agonist Muscle
Hip>
Extension and hyperextension
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Knee
Extension
Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)
Ankle
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius

16. Analysis of kicking
The action in kicking is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints.
The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint.
The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint.
The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.
Kicking comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the kicking phase.

17. Extension and hyperextension
Preparatory phase
Joints involved
Action
Agonist Muscle
Hip
Extension and hyperextension
Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus)
Knee
Flexion
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus)
Ankle
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius

18. Kicking phase Joints involved Action Agonist Muscle Hip Flexion
Iliopsoas
Knee
Extension
Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis)
Ankle
Plantar flexion
Gastrocnemius