1. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Fraud Examination, 4E Chapter 7: Investigating Theft Acts

2. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objectives  Discuss theft investigation methods and how they are used to investigate suspected fraud.  Understand how to coordinate an investigation, using a vulnerability chart.  Describe the nature of surveillance and covert operations.  Understand the effectiveness of invigilation to investigate fraud.

3. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Learning Objectives  Explain how to obtain physical evidence and how it can be used in a fraud investigation.  Understand how to seize and analyze electronic information from cell phones, hard drives, e-mail, and other sources.  Use trash and other social engineering methods to investigate fraud.

4. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. When Should You Investigate Fraud? Consider the following:  strength of the predication  cost of the investigation  exposure or amount that could have been taken  the signal that investigation or noninvestigation will send to others in the organization

5. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. When Should You Investigate Fraud?  risks of investigating and not investigating  public exposure or loss of reputation from investigating and not investigating  nature of the possible fraud

6. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Fraud Investigation Methods  Once there is predication, determine the:  Who?  How?  How much? Questions of the fraud.

7. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Fraud Investigation Methods

8. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Methods that directly investigate the fraud act  Surveillance and covert operations  Invigilation  Obtaining physical evidence  Gathering electronic evidence

9. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  When beginning a fraud investigation it is often useful to develop theories  One way to develop such theories is to use a vulnerability chart

10. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods

11. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Surveillance and Covert Operations  Rely on the senses— especially hearing and seeing

12. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  The three types of surveillance:  stationary or fixed point  Record events occurring at a scene  Log includes time, place, and events  moving or tailing  Following the suspect  Should only be done by professionals  electronic surveillance  Video camera

13. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods Invigilation Involves close supervision of suspects during an examination period Strict temporary controls are implemented so that committing fraud is almost impossible

14. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Invigilation Diagram

15. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Physical Evidence  Involves analyzing objects such as:  inventory, assets, and broken locks  substances such as grease and fluids  traces such as paints and stains  impressions such as cutting marks, tire tracks, and fingerprints or searching computers

16. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Steps for gathering electronic evidence  Caution: The gathering of electronic evidence is a highly technical task that must be performed correctly. You may want to include a computer forensics specialist on your team.

17. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Step 1: Secure the Device and Perform Initial Tasks  Need to have the legal right to seize the hardware  Exercise care with respect to chain of custody, evidence marking, etc.  Take pictures of the seizure site and have neutral witnesses on the scene

18. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods After the preliminary steps of securing the Device and performing initial tasks:  Turn the computer off by cutting power to the machine (or by removing the battery on laptops)  DO NOT TURN THE COMPUTER OFF NORMALLY

19. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Step 2: Clone the Device & Calculate CRC Checksum  Perform a bit-for-bit copy of the entire hard drive  Calculate the CRC checksum  Seal away the original disk  Perform investigation on the cloned copy

20. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) number: a calculation based on the contents of a disk or file  Create the CRC immediately after the bit-for-bit copy You can prove later that:  Your cloned hard drive exactly matched the original drive  You have not modified data since the hard was seized.

21. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods The two primary checksum methods used today are the MD5 and SHA-1 algorithms

22. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods Step 3: Search the Device Manually Common areas to search include:  Computer logs such as Web activity, recent files on the Start menu, Web favorites, and the browser history.  The “My Documents” folder—most applications save data to this location.  The trash can or recycle bin.  USB keys, CDs, or disks found around the computer.

23. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Recently loaded files listed in the “File” menu of many applications  Chat logs and e-mail client caches

24. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  Step 4: Search the Device Using Automated Procedures  Forensic Software Packages  Guidance Software’s Encase Forensic Edition  AccessData’s The Forensic Toolkit (FTK)  Open Source Packages  e-fence Inc.’s Helix  Remote-Exploit.org’s Backtrack

25. Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Theft Act Investigative Methods  E-mail Systems  Many copies may exist (sender, receiver, e-mail server)  Includes text messaging in certain countries  Web-based e-mail (Hotmail, GMail, Yahoo! Mail) is more difficult to search