1. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Computer Fraud and Abuse Techniques Chapter 6 6-1

2. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Learning Objectives Compare and contrast computer attack and abuse tactics. Explain how social engineering techniques are used to gain physical or logical access to computer resources. Describe the different types of malware used to harm computers. 6-2

3. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Types of Attacks Hacking ▫Unauthorized access, modification, or use of an electronic device or some element of a computer system Social Engineering ▫Techniques or tricks on people to gain physical or logical access to confidential information Malware ▫Software used to do harm 6-3

4. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Hacking ▫Hijacking  Gaining control of a computer to carry out illicit activities ▫Botnet (robot network)  Zombies  Bot herders  Denial of Service (DoS) Attack  Spamming  Spoofing  Makes the communication look as if someone else sent it so as to gain confidential information. 6-4

5. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Forms of Spoofing E-mail spoofing Caller ID spoofing IP address spoofing Address Resolution (ARP) spoofing SMS spoofing Web-page spoofing (phishing) DNS spoofing 6-5

6. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Hacking with Computer Code Cross-site scripting (XSS) ▫Uses vulnerability of Web application that allows the Web site to get injected with malicious code. When a user visits the Web site, that malicious code is able to collect data from the user. Buffer overflow attack ▫Large amount of data sent to overflow the input memory (buffer) of a program causing it to crash and replaced with attacker’s program instructions. SQL injection (insertion) attack ▫Malicious code inserted in place of a query to get to the database information 6-6

7. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Other Types of Hacking Man in the middle (MITM) ▫Hacker is placed in between a client (user) and a host (server) to read, modify, or steal data. Piggybacking Password cracking War dialing and driving Phreaking Data diddling Data leakage podslurping 6-7

8. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Hacking Used for Embezzlement Salami technique: ▫Taking small amounts at a time  Round-down fraud Economic espionage ▫Theft of information, intellectual property and trade secrets Cyber-extortion ▫Threats to a person or business online through e-mail or text messages unless money is paid 6-8

9. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Hacking Used for Fraud Internet misinformation E-mail threats Internet auction Internet pump and dump Click fraud Web cramming Software piracy 6-9

10. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Social Engineering Techniques Identity theft ▫Assuming someone else’s identity Pretexting ▫Using a scenario to trick victims to divulge information or to gain access Posing ▫Creating a fake business to get sensitive information Phishing ▫Sending an e-mail asking the victim to respond to a link that appears legitimate that requests sensitive data Pharming ▫Redirects Web site to a spoofed Web site URL hijacking ▫Takes advantage of typographical errors entered in for Web sites and user gets invalid or wrong Web site Scavenging ▫Searching trash for confidential information Shoulder surfing ▫Snooping (either close behind the person) or using technology to snoop and get confidential information Skimming  Double swiping credit card Eeavesdropping 6-10

11. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Why People Fall Victim Compassion ▫Desire to help others Greed ▫Want a good deal or something for free Sex appeal ▫More cooperative with those that are flirtatious or good looking Sloth ▫Lazy habits Trust ▫Will cooperate if trust is gained Urgency ▫Cooperation occurs when there is a sense of immediate need Vanity ▫More cooperation when appeal to vanity 6-11

12. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Minimize the Threat of Social Engineering Never let people follow you into restricted areas Never log in for someone else on a computer Never give sensitive information over the phone or through e-mail Never share passwords or user IDs Be cautious of someone you don’t know who is trying to gain access through you 6-12

13. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Types of Malware Spyware ▫Secretly monitors and collects information ▫Can hijack browser, search requests ▫Adware Keylogger ▫Software that records user keystrokes Trojan Horse ▫Malicious computer instructions in an authorized and properly functioning program Trap door ▫Set of instructions that allow the user to bypass normal system controls Packet sniffer ▫Captures data as it travels over the Internet Virus ▫A section of self-replicating code that attaches to a program or file requiring a human to do something so it can replicate itself Worm ▫Stand alone self replicating program 6-13

14. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Cellphone Bluetooth Vulnerabilities Bluesnarfing ▫Stealing contact lists, data, pictures on bluetooth compatible smartphones Bluebugging ▫Taking control of a phone to make or listen to calls, send or read text messages 6-14

15. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Key Terms Hacking Hijacking Botnet Zombie Bot herder Denial-of-service (DoS) attack Spamming Dictionary attack Splog Spoofing E-mail spoofing Caller ID spoofing IP address spoofing MAC address Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) spoofing SMS spoofing Web-page spoofing DNS spoofing Zero day attack Patch Cross-site scripting (XSS) Buffer overflow attack SQL injection (insertion) attack Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack Masquerading/impersonation Piggybacking 6-15

16. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Key Terms (continued) Password cracking War dialing War driving War rocketing Phreaking Data diddling Data leakage Podslurping Salami technique Round-down fraud Economic espionage Cyber-extortion Cyber-bullying Sexting Internet terrorism Internet misinformation E-mail threats Internet auction fraud Internet pump-and-dump fraud Click fraud Web cramming Software piracy Social engineering Identity theft Pretexting Posing Phishing vishing 6-16

17. Copyright © Pearson Education Limited 2015. Key Terms (continued) Carding Pharming Evil twin Typosquatting/URL hijacking QR barcode replacements Tabnapping Scavenging/dumpster diving Shoulder surfing Lebanese looping Skimming Chipping Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Adware Torpedo software Scareware Ransomware Keylogger Trojan horse Time bomb/logic bomb Trap door/back door Packet sniffers Steganography program Rootkit Superzapping Virus Worm Bluesnarfing Bluebugging 6-17