2.  Shy, serious, and—like his father—deeply religious.  Believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire and the Protestants of Europe.  Hard working, yet agonized over decisions— halting government action.  Aggressive for the sake of his empire  Incredible wealth provided by his empire.  Large standing army of 50,000 soldiers.

3.  Palace  Gray granite palace—The Escorial  Massive walls and huge gates to demonstrate his power.  Monastery inside.

4.  Most powerful ruler in French history.  Began his reign as a five-year-old boy  Took control of government at age 23  Hated cities and loved to travel through France’s countryside.  Wanted to know EVERY detail of his government.  Very hard working

5.  Spent a fortune to surround himself with luxury.  Required nobles to live with him  Palace—Versaille  Immense—stretched for a distance of about 500 yards  Like a small royal city

6.  Under Louis, France was the most powerful country in Europe.  However, plagues France with many years of wars while he tries to expand the empire. ▪ French people long for peace. ▪ Poor harvest=struggling, starving, suffering for French people  Last years=more sad than glorious.  Regretted the suffering he had brought on his people.  News of his death prompted rejoicing throughout France.

7.  Main enemy= Prussia  She faced many years of war.  Devoted herself to her family  Married for love  16 children—10 of which reached adulthood  Decreased power of the nobility  Cared more for the peasants' well-being than most rulers. ▪ Limited amount of labor that nobles could force peasants to do.

8.  Schönbrunn Palace  Built to outshine the palace of Versaille, however costly wars made them have to settle for a more modest design.  She designed it to be comfortable for her family and friends to stay with her.

9.  Loved music, philosophy, and poetry  Not military enough to rule.  Tried to run away from the palace as a young boy.  Father ordered him to witness the beheading of his friend whom he had tried to runaway with.  Ended up following his fathers rigid military policies, yet softened some of his father’s laws because he believed a ruler should be a father to his people.

10.  Married a woman he never cared for and neglected  Died without a son to succeed him  Encouraged religious toleration and legal reform.  Lived in the Sanssouci palace  Also tried to compete with Versaille

11.  1533—came to throne at the age of three.  Boyars (landowning nobles) fought to control young Ivan.  Finally took power at the age of 16 and crowned himself czar.  First to use this title meaning caesar.  Married the beautiful Anastasia, related to an old boyar family, the Romanovs.  1547-1560 = “good period”  Won great victories, added lands to Russia, code of laws, and ruled justly.

12.  “bad period” began in 1560 after Anastasia died.  Accused the boyars of poisoning his wife and turned against them.  Organized his own police force  Hunt down and murder “traitors”  1581—violent quarrel with his oldest son  Killed him  The Palace of Facets  Used mainly for terror

13.  1696—became sole ruler of Russia at the age of 24.  Had large goals to “Westernize” Russia, that is, to make it more like European countries.  Reduced power of landowners  Hired European officers to train and build army  Imposed heavy taxes  Introduced potatoes to the Russian diet  Started first newspaper  Raised women’s status  Ordered nobles to give up traditional clothes for Western Fashions

14.  Wanted a seaport to make it easier to travel east  St. Petersburg in Sweden  Winter Palace  Based on ideas of European palaces.  Used by Russian rulers for many decades following.

15.  1625—took the throne.  Always needed money because he was at war with both Spain and France.  Parliament said they would not grant him any more money unless he signed the Petition of Right.  Would not imprison subjects w/o due cause  Would not levy taxes w/o consent.  Would not house soldiers in private homes  Would not impose martial law in peacetime.  After agreeing and getting the money, Charles ignored it.

16.  Supporters and opponents of Charles I fight a civil war.  The Puritans win the civil war.  Charles I is executed.  Whitehall Palace.  over 1,500 rooms  layout was extremely irregular  different architectural styles  looked more like a small town than a single building