1. Stand-off Annotation Further details and examples: Durusau and O’Donnell’s (2001) powerpoint presentation Thompson and McKelvie’s (1997) “Hyperlink semantics for standoff markup of read-only documents”. In Proceedings of SGML Europe '97

2. Corpus basics Required: structured, consistent, correct information for supporting empirical questions / hypothesis formation and hypothesis testing corpuscollection ‘raw’ texts source + annotation (annotated)

3. A frequent problem for sophisticated annotation: intersecting hierarchies These are some sentences with different kinds of things going on in them. This one is not very interesting. These are some sentences... This one is not very interesting.

4. A frequent problem for sophisticated annotation: intersecting hierarchies These are some sentences with different kinds of things going on in them. This one is not very interesting. These are some sentences... This one is not very interesting.

5. A frequent problem for sophisticated annotation: intersecting hierarchies These are some sentences with different kinds of things going on in them. This one is not very interesting. These are some sentences... This one is not very interesting.

6. Intersecting hierarchies These are some sentences...... S B R

7. A more complex example (from: Durusau and O’Donnell, 2001) This is text a a texs A 1 in a b base file b an C 2 Four separate (overlapping) hierarchies

8. This is text a a texs A 1 in a b base file b an C 2 Four separate (overlapping) hierarchies A more complex example

9. This is text 1 in a base file 2 1. Page view pages lines This is text in a base file A more complex example

10. This is text 1 in a base file 2 2. Text view paragraph This is text in a base file A more complex example

11. This is text in a base file 12 3. Linguistic view CLAUSE complement predicate subjectadjunct This is text in a base file A more complex example

12. TEI ‘Corpus Encoding Standard’ approach ‘layered’ or ‘stand-off’ annotation These are some sentences with............

13. This is text in a base file 12 4. Textual variant view texs in MSS A an in MSS C <rdg xlink:href="base.xml#id(w3)" wit="A" val="texs"/> <rdg xlink:href="base.xml#id(w5)" wit="C" val="an"/> (using out-of-line markup) A more complex example (cont’d)

14. threecentimetresokaythreeorfourcentimetresokay right M instruct M ackM instructM ackM align S1 S2 turnrightfor reparandumrepair Game instruct Disfluency Dialogue Moves Dialogue Games Disfluencies Words Example taken from Dialogue Work (Edinburgh Human Language Technology Group)

15. Requirements To understand this all, we need: –Ways for XML markup to refer to pieces of other XML documents XPath XLink XPointer