1. Kingdom: Fungi

2. Five kingdom system of classifying living things showing that both fungi and animals may have evolved from a common ancestor

3. Mycology Mycology is the study of fungi which includes yeast and molds
They are eukaryotic and are chemo-heterotrophs (require organic compounds for energy and a carbon source)
Most have a cell wall of chitin
Molds are made of long filaments called hyphae
If there are cross walls that divide the hyphae into uninucleate units the hyphae are septate hyphae
If there are no cross walls, the hyphae are called non-septate or coenocytic hyphae
When the hyphae grow and intertwine to form a mass, they are called mycelium

4. Fungi Eukaryotes Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy.
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae.
Yeasts are unicellular.
Figure 1.1b

5. Fungi are important as pathogens of animals and plants.
Over 70% of all plant diseases are caused by fungi

6. Mycelium are of three kinds:
1- vegetative mycelium ( penetrates the surface of the medium and absors nutrients
2- Aerial mycelium ( grow above the agar surface)
3- Fertile mycelium (bear reproductive structure such as conidia or sporangia)

7. Yeasts are non-filamentous, unicellular fungi that are oval or spherical in shape.
Yeasts reproduce by the process of budding or binary fission.

8. Candida albicans

9. Classification Fungi based on there sexual reproduction :
Zygomycetes: zygospores, ex. Mucor & Rhizopus
Mucor
Rhizopus

10. Mycology
Fungi are classified based on the type of sexual spore that they form
Zygomycota
Have non-septate hyphea
Have asexual sporangiospores
Form sexual zygospores. They are large spores enclosed in a thick wall and formed from the fusion of two cells

11. Zygospores

12. Ascomycetes : Ascospores, ex: saccharomyces, Aspergillus & Penicillium
Yeast
Aspergillus
Penicillium

13. Mycology Ascomycota Have septate hyphae Have asexual conidiospores
Have sexual ascospores. Ascospores result from the fusion of nuclei of two cells. They are produced in a sac-like structure called an ascus.

14. Ascospores inside an ascus

15. Basidiomycetes: Basidiospores, ex.: Rust fungi & Mushroom.

16. Mycology Basidiomycota Have septate hyphae Have asexual conidiospores
Have sexual basidiospores. Basidiospores are formed externally on a base pedestal called a basidium

17. Basidiospores

18. Deuteromycetes: not produce any sexual spores, ex
Deuteromycetes: not produce any sexual spores, ex.: Monilia fungi & Botrytis
Monilia fungi
Botrytis

19. Classification Fungi based on morphology:
Moulds (Molds): Filamentous fungi Eg. Aspergillus
Yeast : Eg. Saccharomyces
Yeast like: Similar to yeasts but produce psedohypha Eg. candida albicans
Dimorphic: Two different morphological form at two different enivormental conditions

20. Mycology Dimorphic fungi
Some fungi, including most of the pathogenic fungi, exhibit two forms of growth. This is known as dimorphism and the organisms can grow either as a yeast-like form or a mold-like form.
Frequently the form that the organism grows as is temperature dependent and at 370 C the organism grows as a yeast-like form and at RT or at 250 C it grows in a mold-like form. CO2 concentration or the presence of serum may also be a determining factor

21. Classification Fungi according to nutrion:
Saprophytic
Parasitic
Symbiotic or Mycorrhizal

22. How do Fungi get their Nutrition?
Heterotrophs
secrete digestive enzymes
absorb digested material into cell
predators
paralyzing prey
parasites
feeding on living creatures
decomposer
breakdown dead remains
fungal cells
plant cell wall
plant cell membrane
plant cell

23. Laboratory identification fungi:
Specimen collection: soil, moldy food, plants, water, air,……etc.
Microscopy: Lactophenol cotton blue
Culture : Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)

24. Classification Fungi based on hypha: Septate – Non septate
Somatic hyphae. A) Portion of a hypha having more than one nucleus (nonseptate);
B) Portion of a septate hypha.

25.                                   
coenocytic    having multiple nuclei embedded in cytoplasm without cross walls; nonseptate
Cross Walls of Hyphae
Coenocytic hyphae where the nucleis of each cell is embedded in the cytoplasm without a cell wall
Eg. Zygomycota, Oomycota
Hyphae with cross walls
Eg. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota