1. Chapter 19 Kingdom Fungi Lecture Outline
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2. Outline Introduction Distinctions Between Kingdoms Protista and Fungi
Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Chytridiomycota – The Chytrids
Phylum Zygomycota – The Coenocytic True Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota – The Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi)
Phylum Basidiomycota – The Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)
Phylum Deuteromycota – The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)
Lichens

3. Introduction
Fungi and bacteria are the most important organisms that break down organic materials.
Fungi produce intertwined mass of delicate threads.
Hyphae (singular: hypha) - Individual threads
Mycelium - Mass of hyphae

4. Distinctions Between Kingdoms Protista and Fungi
All true fungi are filamentous or unicellular heterotrophs, most of which absorb their food in solution through cell walls.
Chitin in cell walls
All are filamentous, with the exception of some chytrids and all yeasts.
Most lack motile cells.
Members of Kingdom Fungi are placed in five phyla.

5. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Chytridiomycota - The chytrids
Simple, mostly one-celled organisms
Some are parasitic, and other are saprobic.
Saprobic - Feed on nonliving organic material
Some consist of a spherical cell with colorless, branching threads (rhizoids) at one end for anchorage.
Some develop short hyphae or even complete mycelia that is coenocytic.
Coenocytic - Without crosswalls

6. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Chytridiomycota - The chytrids
Many reproduce only asexually through the production of zoospores within a spherical cell.
Sexual reproduction by fusion of haploid gametes
Zygote undergoes meiosis and is often a resting spore.

7. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Zygomycota - The coenocytic true fungi
Black bread molds - Best- known members of this phylum
Rhizopus - Well-known and found everywhere
Coenocytic hyphae with numerous haploid nuclei
Asexual reproduction:
Sporangiophores grow upright and produce sporangia at tips.
Black spores formed in sporangia.
A zygomycete sporangium

8. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Zygomycota - The coenocytic true fungi
Sexual reproduction by conjugation
Progametangia on hyphae of different mating strains become gametangia.
Gametangia merge and become multinucleate coenozygote when nuclei of two strains fuse in pairs
Thick wall forms around coenozygote = zygosporangium containing numerous diploid nuclei.
Meiosis forms spores in sporangia on sporangiophores.

9. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Zygomycota - The coenocytic true fungi
Human and ecological relevance of the coenocytic true fungi:
Food sources
Tempeh in Indonesia
Industrial uses
Pharmaceuticals
Manufacture of birth control pills and anesthetics
Pigments
Yellow pigment for coloring margarine

10. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota - The ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Truffles are reproductive bodies.
Also includes yeasts, powdery mildews, ergot, and morels
Most produce mycelia with hyphae partitioned into individual cylindrical cells.

11. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota - The ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Asexual reproduction:
Single or chains of conidia produced at tips of hyphae called conidiophores.
Budding - Yeasts
Budding in yeast

12. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota - The ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Sexual reproduction:
Antheridium and ascogonium from two hyphae connect.
Male nuclei migrate into ascogonium where nuclei pair, but do not unite.
Ascogenous hyphae, whose cells contain one male and one female nucleus, grow from ascogonium.
Ascoma forms, with hymenial layer composed of sacs called asci (singular: ascus).
Ascoma
The two nuclei in each ascus unite to form zygotes that undergo meiosis.
Resulting cells divide by mitosis forming a row of eight ascospores in each ascus.

13. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota - The ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Sexual reproduction:

14. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota - The ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Human and ecological relevance of the sac fungi:
Food:
Morels and truffles
Yeast
Fermentation produces ethyl alcohol - Wines, beers
CO2 causes bread dough to rise and gives it porous texture.

15. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota - The ascomycetes (sac fungi)
Human and ecological relevance:
Ergot fungus may infect rye and other grains.
Ergotism may occur in those who eat the contaminated bread.
Ergot drugs are medicinally useful in small doses.
Initial source for the manufacture of LSD
Plant diseases - Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight

16. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota - The basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Includes mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts, jelly fungi
Hyphae divided into individual cells.

17. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota - The basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Asexual reproduction:
Infrequent
Mainly through conidia
Each cell of hyphae contain a single haploid nucleus = monokaryotic hyphae.
Sexual reproduction:
Hyphae of individual mating types unite and initiate a new mycelium, called dikaryotic hyphae, in which each cell has one nucleus from each original mating type.

18. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota - The basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Sexual reproduction:
Dikaryotic mycelium forms basidioma (plural: basidiomata) = mushroom.
Mushroom composed of cap = pileus, stalk = stipe, and annulus.
Gills - Plates that radiate out from stalk on underside of cap

19. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota - The basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Sexual reproduction:
Basidia (swollen ends of hyphae) on gills
The two nuclei in each basidium unite and the resulting diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis.
4 resulting basidiospores sit on sterigmata at tip of basidium.

20. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota - The basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Sexual reproduction:

21. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Fairy rings - Dikaryotic hyphae radiate out from starting point, producing basidiomata.
Boletes - Produce spores on surface of pores instead of gills

22. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Shelf fungi - Grow horizontally from bark or dead wood
Puffballs - Spores released from pore at top.
Bird’s nest fungi - Egglike bodies contain basidiospores.

23. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Parasitic species that do not form basidiomata:
Smuts
Grain crops
Mycelium absorbs nutrients from host cells.
Secrete substances that stimulate host cells to form tumors
Rusts - Attack a wide variety of plants
Black stem rust - Requires two hosts
Corn smut

24. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Lifecycle of rusts:

25. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Human and ecological relevance of the club fungi:
Poisonous
Fewer than 75 of the approximately 25,000 described species are poisonous.
Food
Shiitake mushrooms
Commercial mushroom bed
High in protein, calcium, phosphorous, and iron.
Portabella mushrooms
Lentinacin and other pharmaceutical extracts
Nutrient recycling in soil

26. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Deuteromycota - The deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)
Conidiophore of Aspergillus
Fungi for which a sexual stage has not been observed
Grouped together in an artificial phylum
Most commonly reproduce by conidia

27. Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Deuteromycota - The deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)
Human and ecological relevance of the imperfect fungi:
Penicillium
Antibiotics
Gourmet cheese
Aspergillus
Citric acid, soy sauce, miso, artificial flavoring
Photographic developers, dyes
Aspergilloses (respiratory disease), athlete’s foot
Aflotoxin (carcinogen)
Penicillium colony
Blue cheese

28. Lichens
Consist of a fungus and an alga (or cyanobacterium) intimately associated in a spongy thallus
Photosynthetic component supplies food.
Fungus protects the photosynthetic organism from harmful light intensities, and absorbs and retains water and minerals.
Three genera of green algae and one genus of cyanobacterium involved in 90% of all lichen species.
Each lichen has own unique species of fungus, usually a sac fungus.
Lichen species are identified according to their fungus.

29. Lichens
Grow very slowly, and are capable of living extremely long periods of time.
Gelatinous substance in thallus allows them to withstand alternating wet and dry periods.
Usually consist of three or four layers:
Upper cortex - Protective layer
Compressed hyphae with gelatinous substances
Algal layer - Algae cells scattered among hyphae
Medulla - Loosely packed hyphae
Lower cortex - May or may not be present
Covered with hyphae called rhizines for anchorage

30. Lichens

31. Lichens Usually grouped into three major growth forms:
Crustose - Attached to or embedded in substrate over entire lower surface
Foliose - Contain leaf-like thalli which often overlap
Fruticose - Resemble miniature upright shrubs, or hang down in festoons from branches.

32. Lichens Human and ecological relevance of lichens:
Exceptionally sensitive to pollution
Sulfur dioxide
Possible to calculate amount of sulfur dioxide present in air solely by mapping occurrence or disappearance of certain lichens.
Nuclear radiation
Degradation of historic structures
Food for animals - Reindeer eat fruticose lichen.
Food supplements
Antibiotic properties
Dyes

33. Review Introduction Distinctions Between Kingdoms Protista and Fungi
Kingdom Fungi – The True Fungi
Phylum Chytridiomycota – The Chytrids
Phylum Zygomycota – The Coenocytic True Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota – The Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi)
Phylum Basidiomycota – The Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)
Phylum Deuteromycota – The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)
Lichens